외상 후 스트레스 증상을 설명하는 데 있어 개인이 경험한 외상 사건 그 자체보다는 사건을 해석하고 기억하는 방식이 주요한 요인으로 밝혀지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 외상 후 스트레스 장애(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 이하 PTSD)의 유발 및 유지와 관련이 있는 것으로 알려진 여러 변인들 가운데 인지적 요인과 외상 기억의 형성 및 처리 과정을 단계적으로 설명하고자 선행 연구들의 주요 결과들을 다섯 단계 과정으로 범주화(심층 인지, 외상 직후 인지과정, 외상 기억의 형성, 외상 기억과 인지의 순환과정, 외상 후 인지)하여 고찰하였다. 이때 PTSD의 심리적 기제를 설명하는 대표적인 인지적 이론들과 주요 경험적 연구들에서 PTSD와 관련된 인지적 요인을 개념화하고 용어를 사용함에 있어 일관되지 않은 현상에 주목하고 이를 체계적으로 분석하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구에서 소개한 외상관련 인지-기억 체계에 기반하여 PTSD에 대한 예방적, 치료적 개입 방안을 단계별로 모색하여 제안하고, 향후 연구의 필요성을 함께 제시하였다.
Researchers in recent trauma studieshave examined on the causal path from trauma survivors' interpretation and memory of the traumatic incident, rather than from the incident itself, to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Among various factors related to the development and maintenance of PTSD, the cognitive factors, the formation of trauma memory, and their interactive influences on each other have been discussed. Authors categorized the previous literature into five domains (i.e., deep cognition, peritraumatic cognitive processing, formation of trauma memory, circular interaction of trauma memory, and cognitive processing, and posttraumatic cognition) in chronological order. Conceptualizing the cognitive factors, authors explained how trauma survivors develop and maintain PTSD symptoms according to their processing of cognition and memory. Controversy and confusion in the use of PTSD-related cognitive terms among researchers were discussed. Finally effective interventions and treatments in treating PTSD and their relation to the cognitive-mnemonic system were introduced.
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