ISSN : 1229-0688
Vol.25 No.3
Abstract
Authenticity is an important factor under general social interactions as well as counselor-client interaction. However, research on authenticity in counseling setting was rarely conducted due to difficulty of definition and systematic organization. Furthermore, the results in the previous studies were mixed and ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to review previous studies on the counselor’s authenticity and to provide suggestions to further studies on the authenticity. First, we reviewed the humanistic, existentialist humanistic, and psychodynamic perspectives in defining counselor’s authenticity. We also reviewed scales which were used to measure authenticity. Mediational variables on the relation between counselor’s authenticity and outcomes were also presented. Second, reasons why mixed findings has been shown were discussed. Additionally, the problems and resolution which occurred in the middle of conceptualizing a counselor’s authenticity and measuring the authenticity were discussed. Implications of the current study and future directions for research are discussed.
Abstract
The purpose was to explore the distinctive characteristics of novice and expert counselors in perceiving clients' strengths through concept-mapping method. A total of eight novice and eight expert counselors were interviewed. In this study, the novice counselors reported for factors of clients' strengths were ‘counseling to expectation and growth motivation’, ‘self-disclosure and interpersonal relationship abilities’, and ‘needs for self-understanding and insight’. Also they told that clients' strength factors in application were ‘new understanding of self and problem’, ‘support and encouragement’ and ‘strength enhancement suggesting strengths’. The expert counselors reported that clients' strengths were ‘growth motivation’, ‘success experience and problem solving literacy’, ‘internal resource’, and ‘interpersonal relationship abilities’ whereas they said that clients' strength factors in application were ‘new understanding of self and problem’, ‘finding of problem solving ability through past success experience’, ‘communication-centered strengths and actualization' and ‘active expanding strengths’. This study ends with limitations and suggestions for future studies.
Abstract
This study examined the therapeutic process for patient with Hwa-byung who received Loving-Kindness meditation. Nine patients were interviewed and asked about experiences in mediation and their answers were analyzed using ground theory. The results of study showed that the central phenomenon was getting out of the obsessive thinking and arising compassionate mind. The casual conditions were motivation of participation, obstacles of meditation, and process of overcoming obstacles. The context conditions were awaring influence of behaviour and insighting illness. The intervention conditions were an attitude to acceptance and re-awareness of self. Finally, action-interaction conditions were changes in daily life and application to daily life. Findings showed that the meditation decreased symptoms of Hwa-byung, increased positive emotions, flexible thoughts, self-esteem, and connection to others, and stabilized emotions. Finally, Implications and limitation of this study and suggestions to future research are discussed.
Abstract
This study was aimed to develop a marital satisfaction enhancement program for wives based on Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy and verify its effectiveness. Couple relationship, communications, original family relationship, self-differentiation were selected as influential factors on marital satisfaction based on the magnitudes of correlations of marital satisfaction with the others. The program was developed, which included the four factors as therapeutic ones, and was 3-hour per one session, 8 weekly sessions. To investigate the effects of the program, three groups(i.e., experimental, comparative, and control groups) were compared. Among three groups, the experimental group was significantly higher in self-differentiation and marital satisfaction after treatment, and in self-differentiation, couple relationship, communications, marital satisfaction at one month after treatment. Wives in the experimental group reported significant improvements in couple relationship, communications, self-differentiation, marital satisfaction after treatment and further improvements in one-month follow-up. These results suggest the new program could enhance wives' marital satisfaction.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an aggression scale for elementary students. Previous research about aggression was reviewed in order to make a definition of aggression. Reviews of previous studies indicated that three sub-factors solution could be appropriate in accounting for an aggression scale. Content validity of the preliminary items was evaluated three times to ensure elementary students’ understanding about the contents of the preliminary items and the appropriateness of the items. Finding in the current study suggested that the 30 items should be used to measure aggression. To verify the construct validity of the scale a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. Additionally, to evaluated convergent and discriminant validity of the scale correlation coefficients of the scale with other measures(i.e an anger-control test, self-esteem test, and the aggression scale) were estimated. The scale showed the appropriate levels of construct, convergent, and discriminant validity.
Abstract
This study aimed to develop the short-form of school adjustment to improve utilization of School adjustment scale for middle / high school students. Participants in this study were 961 middle / high school students in Busan. The short-form of School adjustment scale for middle / high school students showed appropriate level of Inter-item consistency(Cronbach's α=83) and the results in confirmatory factor analysis showed that four-factor structure model is appropriate for the scale. To evaluate the measurement equivalence across class categorizations and genders, a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. Findings in the current study indicated that assumption of configural, metric, and scalar invariance were all satisfied. And the correlation with other analysis of school adjustment scale and school maladjustment scale showed significant, implying appropriate level of convergent and discriminant validity. The implication and limitations of the study and suggestions for the future studies were discussed.
Abstract
The current study was aimed to test the mediational effects of social interaction anxiety and maladaptive affect regulation(particularly rumination and emotion suppression) on the link between adult attachment(attachment anxiety and avoidance, respectively) and depression. In order to examine the hypothesis, 201 college students were sampled. In structural equation modeling, the hypothetical model explaining the structural paths and the fit of the model were evaluated. The results showed that social interaction anxiety and rumination mediated the relations between adult attachment avoidance and depression, as well as attachment anxiety and depression. Additionally, the associations between adult attachment anxiety and depression was not mediated by social interaction anxiety and emotion suppression whereas the mediating effect of social interaction anxiety and emotion suppression on the link between attachment avoidance and depression was not significant. The implications and limitations of the study, and suggestions for future studies are discussed.
Abstract
This study was aimed to predict the levels of postpartum depression based on the levels of theoretically related variables(i.e., self-esteem, social support, marital satisfaction, depression experience). 360 mothers within 36 months after the birth were sampled for this study and their answers to questionnaires were analyzed by employing AMOS 18.0. Findings in the study showed that self-esteem, social support, marital satisfaction, and depression exhibited the direct effects on postpartum depression. Additionally, self-esteem influenced postpartum depression directly and its effects on postpartum depression was moderated by depression experience. Although social support failed to influence directly postpartum depression, husband’s emotional and physical support among social supports significantly predicted the levels of marital satisfaction, and depression experience. However, social support showed indirect effects on the levels of postpartum depression through the other variables. Implications of the current study and future directions for research are discussed.
Abstract
The present study evaluated the model in which the complex interplay of perfectionism(adaptive, maladaptive), academic engagement, academic burnout and mediators(autonomous motives, controlled motives, functional goal process, dysfunctional goal process) was hypothesized. In order to examine those hypotheses, structural equation modeling(SEM) was employed and fitted to data from 439 academic high school students. The hypothesized model fit the data well. Findings in the study showed that the effects of perfectionism on the academic engagement and the academic burnout were mediated by motives (autonomous, controlled) and goal processes(functional, dysfunctional). Particularly, even if the maladaptive perfectionism predicted the academic burnout, it also influenced the academic engagement through the controlled motives. This study also exhibited that the perfectionism(adaptive, maladaptive) influenced the academic engagement and the academic burnout through the academic goal processes. Implications of the current findings and suggestions for future study are included in the discussion.
Abstract
This study was aimed to explore the attentiveness and emotion processing characteristics of suicide ideation group. To test these hypotheses, ‘Change blindness’-facial emotion subject, the lexical decision subject and ‘Change blindness’-emotion words subject were implemented. Subjects were classified into suicide ideation, depression, and control groups, based on the scores of BDI and SSI. Each group had 30 subjects. Study-1 employed ‘Change blindness’-facial emotion subject using the facial stimulation. As a result, the reaction rate of suicide group was lower than that of the control group. Study-2 used the lexical decision subject using mood-congruent words and ‘Change blindness’-emotion words. As a result, the reaction time of SI group was slower than that of control group in the lexical decision subject and ‘Change blindness’-emotion words subject. Subjects in SI group couldn't react continuously and consistently and showed the lower proficiency. In particular, the meaningful difference was prominent at the mood- congruent words.
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of perceived maternal psychological control, perfectionism, and the need for approval on psychological adjustment including anxiety and depression. A total of 500 (N=500) students from several universities in the greater Seoul area participated in the current study. The results showed that the students who either resided with their parents or whose mother was a housewife perceived a higher level of maternal psychological control than others. A full mediational model where maternal psychological control influenced perfectionism, which increased the need for approval and subsequently raised the level of anxiety and depression, showed good fit. These findings indicated that maternal control was a significant risk factor for psychological adjustment among Korean college students. Perfectionism and the need for approval were significant in mediating the effect of maternal control on anxiety and depression. Implications of the current findings in terms of providing counseling for college students, and suggestions for future study are included in the discussion.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive research review. In doing so, the current study provided a better understanding of peer relationship of children with ADHD, and suggestions for future research. This study reviewed 58 articles published in international and domestic journals from 1988 through 2011. Previous literatures implied that social skills training based on behavioral and cognitive behavior therapy produced partially positive outcomes on peer relationship of children with ADHD, but showed limitations on the treatmen. However, recent research revealed that the subtypes of ADHD, gender differences, aggression, and comorbidities of ADHD could influence peer interaction of children with ADHD. Additionally, ADHD children having cognitive errors and impaired emotional recognition might have more chance to peer victimization. Furthermore, ADHD children might suffer from a negative social stigma in peer group relationships. Based on the review, findings and implications are discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to overview the meaning of the experiencing crisis and despair and the processes of overcoming them. Counselor’s perspectives on dealing with the crisis of a client were also reviewed. In order to achieve these purposes, we analyzed the crisis experience of Sinclair, the hero of『Demian』and revealed that the crisis was the important factor for human growth and self-acceptance. We also presented that the literary counselor’s role was to encourage the clients to explore the positive core in human nature. Important outcomes of literary counseling was re-experiencing unsolved emotions and traumas, understanding existential problems of human being, and actualizing the conceptual knowing into the real existences. Finding of the currents study, indicated that literary counseling might help client to re-gain the power of human growth.
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate whether the relation between the complexity of self-concept and psychological health was moderated by complex self-construct among soldiers. Complex self-construct refers to self-images which were yielded based on various sources from people’s own interpretation of other’s thoughts about themselves and their own characteristics. The results showed that complex self-construct moderated the effects of complexity of self-concept on psychological health variables(i.e., adjustment, depression, and stress). In other words, for those soldiers with high level of complex self-construct the complexity of self-concept was unrelated with the psychological health. However, for those soldiers with low level of complex self-construct, the higher levels of complexity of self-concept predicted the better status in psychological health. Findings in this study indicated that the level of complex self-construct should be considered in interpreting the relation between complexity of self-concept and psychological health.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mediating effect of academic stress and inferiority on the structural association between parent’s forced social comparison and self-enhancement motivation as well as the moderated effects of the academic self-concept on the relation. Major finding in the study was that the hypothesized model was fitted well to the data. In other words, the parent’s forced social comparison positively influenced the academic stress and academic inferiority, respectively and, in turn, the both of academic stress and academic inferiority showed positive effects on the self-enhancement motivation. Additionally, mediational analysis exhibited that the parent’s forced social comparison showed a positive effect on the self-enhancement motivation through the academic stress and academic inferiority. Finally, the effects in the hypothesized model were different across the levels of the academic self-concept.