3papers in this issue.
This paper offers a comprehensive and critical review of Insufficient Effort Responding (IER) in social surveys and psychological measurements, a concern that has garnered increasing attention. It aims to provide researchers and practitioners with practical guidance by delving into IER's causes, impacts, detection strategies, and preventive measures. Our review underscores that IER stems from both individual difference factors—such as personality traits, motivation levels, and cognitive abilities—and situational factors, including survey length, data collection methods, environmental distractions, lack of interaction between researchers and participants, and cultural variances. These elements significantly undermine measurement reliability and validity, leading to heightened errors in hypothesis testing and negatively impacting the outcomes of research and surveys. To counteract these adverse effects, the paper outlines several methodological strategies for the effective prevention and post hoc detection of IER, with the goal of enhancing both data quality and research reliability. The authors advocate for future research directions focused on 1) exploring the IER issues by accounting for cultural differences and 2) leveraging new measurement technologies to deepen the understanding and management of IER in research contexts.
In this study, gender and age invariance of the Loneliness-Second Order Common Factor Scale(L−SOCF Scale) was examined by analyzing the scale's validation data from a sample of 620 participants, comprising both males and females, aged between 18 and 75 years. The Multiple Groups Confirmatory Factor Analysis(MG−CFA) demonstrated that the L−SOCF Scale exhibits configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender. The MG−CFA, conducted with three age groups(Youth, Middle-aged, Senior), likewise revealed that the L−SOCF Scale maintains configural, metric, and scalar invariance across these age categories. The discussion section elucidated the rationale for assessing age invariance through the categorization of age, which was measured originally as a continuous variable. This study affirmed that the interpretations of both the overall score and the individual factor scores of the L−SOCF Scale remain consistent across genders and various age groups.
This study aimed to identify events that predict PTSD symptoms in Korean adults, including DSM-5 diagnostic criteria events(direct experience events), DSM-5 non-diagnostic criteria events(direct experience), and indirect experience events. Data from 1,136 Korean adults were analyzed using the machine learning technique of Elastic Net regression analysis. In this study, a total of 55 events were included as independent variables for PTSD symptoms: 19 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria events(direct experience), 17 DSM-5 non-diagnostic criteria events(direct experience), and 19 indirect experience events. The results showed that 19 events predicted PTSD symptoms, including 6 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria events(direct experience), 9 DSM-5 non-diagnostic criteria events(direct experience), and 4 indirect experience events. The significance of this study lies in confirming that not only DSM-5 diagnostic criteria events(direct experience) but also DSM-5 non-diagnostic criteria events(direct experience) and indirect experience events can predict PTSD symptoms.