Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.41 No.5
Abstract
The experience of ostracism during adolescence, a period where peer relationships are extremly important, leads to numerous negative conseuqnces such as loneliness, depression, and poor academic performance. Recently, the role of witnesses has been emphasized to reduce alienation, underlining the need to measure witnesses’ behaivor accuretly. The current study explores whether adolescents who witnessed ostracism help the marginalized other, whether the degree ostracism perception and helping behavior differ by gender, and lastly if there is any correlation between ostracism perception, help behavior and social skills. 151 adolescents were randomly assigned to either ostracism witnessing group or non-witnessing groups and Social Skills improvement System (SSiS-RS) and Prosocial Cyberball Game(PCG) were conducted subsequently. Prosocial Cyberball game is a cumputerized behaivoral task desinged to explore participant’s behavior after witnessing others’ exclusion. Results showed that boys helped the excluded player more frequently than girls in ostracism witnessing group. Also, only in the ostracism witnessing group, ball throw ratio was significantly higher after witnessing round. Lastly, there was no significant correlation between helping behavior and social skills. These results suggest that adolescents who witnessed ostracism generally help the excluded others and that the degree of the helping behavior is affected by gender.
Abstract
In a linear mixed-effects model for psychological experimental data analysis, the effect of the model selection procedure on detecting the experimental condition effect was investigated through a Monte Carlo simulation study. Specifically, while changing the complexity of the random effect structure of the data-generating model, the type I error rate and power were compared between the model selection strategies. As a result, the maximal model approach (or the random slope model) showed relatively low statistical power under the condition that the structure of the random component of the data was simple. On the other hand, when the model comparison approach was used, the Type I error rate approached the significance level, and the power was superior to or equivalent to that of the maximal model approach in all simulation conditions of this study. Finally, we discussed the points that experimental researchers should consider when using the linear mixed-effects model as an analysis tool.
Abstract
This study investigated whether the relationships between work-family conflict subtypes, work interfering family (WIF) and family interfering work (FIW), and burnout subtypes (exhaustion and cynicism) would differ contingent upon the respondents’ gender and marital status. In addition, the lagged effects of work-family conflict were examined whether the effects would exist after 14 days. Participants were 1,108 full-time workers who completed two-time online surveys from the pool of a professional survey company. In general, the effects of work-family conflict on burnout appeared larger among men than women. Further, the effect of FIW on exhaustion was larger among married workers than single workers. Additionally, the comparison among four groups resulting from the combination of gender and marital status showed that the positive relationships of FIW with burnout facets were the weakest among single women. However, single women reported the highest mean scores of burnout facets. Finally, WIF had the direct effects on Time 2 burnout subtypes even after Time 1 burnout subtypes were controlled, whereas FIW had only the indirect effects. These results provide practical implications on how to intervene the harmful effects of work-family conflict.
Abstract
Aging involves changes not only in our physical abilities but also in cognitive functions. In particular, cognitive control includes several cognitive sub-processes, such as inhibition, switching, and updating; thus, comparing cognitive control abilities between different age groups can help understand age-related changes in cognitive functions. This study utilized the task-switching paradigm to examine whether a switching cost varies with age. Unlike traditional studies, in which participants visit a lab and perform a task in controlled conditions, we adopted a web-based experimental procedure, in which participants completed the task using their computer or laptop at their convenience. This enabled collection of large data from various age populations within a short period of time. Adults aged 20 to 69 participated in the switching task. The results indicated three main effects; age, task transition, and task type. Also, task type interacted with participants’ age. The interaction suggests that older adults who experience cognitive decline invest more cognitive resources to the easier task out of the two tasks with a varying task difficulty. However, the size of the switching cost remained relatively constant across the age spectrum. These results suggest that, even though aging is associated with a general decline in cognitive control abilities, reactive control abilities remain intact throughout the adult lifespan.