Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.20 No.2
Abstract
Assessing sexual attitude, impulse, knowledge and coping behavior is vital to develop and evaluate sex counseling and education on adolescents. The Sexuality Inventory for Middle School Students was developed based on the preliminary version of Sexuality Inventory for Adolescents by Park and Chun(2001). Final set of items was selected through item analysis in which item difficulty and item-total correlation of the Sexual Knowledge Scale and factor structure of the Sexual Attitude, Impulse, and Coping Behavior Scale were examined on 611 middle school students. Reliability and validity of the final inventory were examined in the second analysis on 1,231 middle school students. Internal consistency coefficients of subscales constructed of each factor in scales ranged from .74 to .94 and all subscales over .76. Factor analysis indicated 5 factors(liberalism. tolerance on deviant sex, lack of prevention, progressivism on homosexuality, & positivity on masturbation) in Sexual Attitude Scale, 3 factors(sexual deviation impulse, masturbation anxiety, & cybersex addiction) in Sexual Impulse Scale and 2 factors(sexual desire control & sexual desire expression) in Sexual Coping Behavior Scale. Both the first and second factor analysis revealed the same result. High correlations between sexual behaviors and scores on the related scales were obtained. Scores of high graders and boys in these scales were higher than those of low graders in all of the scales with the exception of the cybersex addiction subscale.
Abstract
It is argued that the western culture places emphases on internal characteristics of individuals in relation to behavioral consistency, whereas the eastern culture deems social factors as determinants of behavioral consistency. To examine this argument, two cultures (Korean and American) in behavioral consistency on personality trait dimensions were compared in Study 1 and 2. In Study 1, Korean and American undergraduates rated hypothetical targets for behavioral consistency and social desirability. For the American data set, behavioral consistency for personality traits varied mainly as a function of extremity on those trait dimensions. For the Korean data set, however, it was strongly and positively correlated with social desirability, but not with extremity. Using both hypothetical and real targets, Study 2 replicated the Study 1 findings from the Korean sample. That is, behavioral consistency had a strong association with social desirability, a clear-cut confirmation of Study 1. These findings were discussed with an emphasis on consideration of characteristics indigenous to the Korean culture in studying Korean people.
Abstract
In the present study we applied the logic of domain-referenced testing to develop Korean Public Service Aptitude Test. Most of tests developed by psychologists can be categorized into norm-referenced tests. In contrast, we developed a domain-referenced test following the logic of discrete model "having a cut-off score and selection ratio. The applicants are separated into two groups by the cut score(80% correct) and the proportion of passing applicants should be 10% ~ 15%. Applying the Rasch model of item response theory, we set an appropriate level of difficulty for items satisfying the two conditions for the test: 80% correct as the cut score, selection ratio 10% ~ 15%. The reliability of the test was defined by the conditions imposed by the test user. The validity of the test is limited to construct validity(convergent/divergent validity), leaving the examination of criterion validity for the follow-up study. Both reliability and validity were acceptable, although they were not outstanding.
Abstract
In Korean society, recently Adjumma(in general, lady in her thirties and forties) as a social category is despised even by most other women. A total of 189 subjects(76 married women & 113 female university students) participated in this study. The present study investigated social representations of Adjumma by paired comparison with Umma(mother), Samonim(high society lady), and Agassi(girl before marriage in her twenties). Also we conducted MDS analysis with the data which were constructed ranking scale developed by the authors. The results revealed that Adjumma was evaluated as less elegant, having no Chemyon(social face) and Nunchi(relational sensitivity) compared to Umma, lower social class than Samonim, whereas Adjumma was evaluated as more benevolent and having much Cheong(relational affection) than Samonim. However, when Adjumma was compared with Umma, she was evaluated as close to Samonim. Compared to Agassi, Adjumma was warmer, having much Cheong, more benevolent like mother's psychological characteristics. Consequently, Adjumma who may be in fact our mother, sister and wife is rather negattively stereotyped and despised by people who tend to dissociate from Adjumma. This phenomena reflects that social and sexual discrimination to women as a social category and object still persists in Korea.
Abstract
It isn't easy to assess people's dormant dangerousness. This study intended to explore variables to predict inmates' criminal records and their dangerous behaviors during imprisonment. Evaluation criteria of dangerousness in prison and criminal risk were inferred based on these variables. In study 1, Korean Correctional Personality Inventory was developed and in study 2, besides inmates' psychological characteristics, additional crime-related variables were explored, which among them were significantly related to dangerous behaviors in prison and contents of criminal records. As a result of statistical analyses, various predictors effectively explained variance of dangerousness in prison; attitude during unconvicted detention, a number of punishments during imprisonment, results of correctional counseling, delusion, history of self-injury, history of abscondence, motivation of present crime, agreement with victims, a number of visitation of family members, and academic records. Also, variance of criminal risk were significantly explained by criminal records, a term of imprisonment, a number of criminal behaviors including delinquencies, a term of previous imprisonment, a term of previous probation, a number of punishments during imprisonment, an interval of recidivism, use of weapons, motivation of present crime, psychological tendency of giving-up, aggression, attitude during unconvicted detention, involvement to gangsters, a number of visitation of family members, existence of parent, and academic records.
Abstract
Under some circumstances the psychological conceptualization of emotion as distinctively intrapsychic phenomenon may not be productive. If we premise in hasty way the universal characteristics of emotional experiences, such efforts would be more confusing. In order to overcome the poverty of modern psychology in understanding the psychology of emotion, it would be helpful to consider emotion as a cultural experience. In this sense "Cheong" can be regarded as an interesting example of the cultural emotion. What underlies such cultural experiences is always the intersubjective experiences of emotion. In other words, the unit of cultural experiences should be always intersubjective. Otherwise it would not be easy to differentiate the cultural experiences, like "Cheong", from emotional experiences of individual which are regarded as basic emotions in the academic psychology. But it is still unclear how the intersubjective emotion can be developed into cultural experiences. In this study it is discussed how such concepts like "affect attunement", "mimetic activity" can serve to explain the relationship between intersubjective experiences of emotion and cultural experiences.
Abstract
By dividing creativity into two categories based on the learning process model as common-sense and expert creativity, this study tried to provide a new perspective in this research area. A learning process model emphasizes not only quantitative but also qualitative aspects of knowledge in problem solving situations. But as was researched by other scholars, knowledge only can not automatically produce creative produces. Other factors such as motivation, personal traits and emotion also contribute to creative products. Adding these components to the learning-process model, a final 'integrated model' of creativity was developed. Empirical research for validating these models should be followed using multivariate data analysis.
Abstract
Married couples tend to resemble each other in psychological and physical traits. The tendency of getting married with similar others is called assortative mating or homogamy. The present article deals with three issues of human assortative mating in psychological and physical characteristics. First, what are the estimates of assortative mating coefficients in cognitive abilities, education, personality traits, social attitudes, values, height, weight, and Body Mass Index? Secondly, is the observed similarity between spouses due to initial similarity, or to convergence during marriage as a result of shared environments and experiences? Finally, why do couples tend to assort? Studies of assortative mating have revealed considerable variability in spouse correlations across traits. Education and social attitudes showed strong assortative mating coefficients ranging from .50 to .70. For intelligence, assortative mating coefficients were generally between .30 and .40; and for values, they were between .20 and .30. Assortative mating coefficients for physical characteristics and personality traits were mostly less than .30 or close to zero. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of assortative mating suggest that observed spouse similarities were due to initial similarities rather than a consequence of the convergence during marriage. At present there are two major theories of assortative mating: phenotypic homogamy vs. social homogamy. The former asserts that spouse correlations are the result of mates selecting each other on the basis of similarities in observable characteristics (phenotypes), whereas the latter asserts that spouse correlations are the result of mates having been reared and met within the same social environment. Empirical studies that support phenotypic homogamy and social homogamy have been discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this critical review was to summarize and discuss the results of the previous studies, which were performed from the psychological perspectives, on Confucian culture in Korea. In this paper we dealt with the following three parts: (1) Psychological theories of Korean Neo-Confucianism (朝鮮性理學) and Silhak(實學) in Chosun Dynasty. (2) Culture-level and individual-level analysis of Confucian culture in modem Korea. (3) The results of studies on the influences of Confucian thought and culture in the applied psychology fields. The suggestions for the theoretical development, the methodological improvement and the feasible future research topics were discussed.
Abstract
This study attempted co explore the laid-off workers' mental health and relative factors. 175 laid-off workers' who had been laid-off less than one year and received unemployment compensation participated in this study. The laid-off workers' mental health was classified into several factors by general health measure. Stress coping style, self-esteem, and social support were selected as their relative variables and the relationships between each factor of these variables and that of mental health were investigated. The unemployed had more difficulty with loss of control over their life than social dysfunction or somatization. And under the stress, they tended to cope by comforting themselves or having wishful thought than adopting specific coping style or avoiding. In social support, emotional support was higher than instrumental support. These results showed that we need to approach more specifically rather than broadly to understand their mental health. These findings suggest that detailing the weak point of the unemployeds' mental health can be more effective in showing the type of specific psychological intervention needed.