Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
Vol.28 No.1
Abstract
In the field of gambling studies, there are difficulties in doing research, developing theories, and practicing applications due to the fact that definitions and categorizations of gambling are neither well refined nor integrated. We presented a clarification in an attempt to overcome the difficulties. First, we suggested to adopt Roschian approach to conceptualizing definitions of gambling. We presented prototypical features of gambling that are useful for describing gambling behaviors. Second, we integrated the general levels 0, 1, 2, 3 by Shaffer and colleagues into two subcategories of gambling: problematic gambling and non-problematic gambling. Each of two subcategories can be described on a dimension divided into two levels or intervals. However, the levels under the subcategories are not appropriate for applying Roschian categorization. The two levels are based on a dimensional approach rather than a prototypical one. By clarifying the nature of how gambling behaviors are categorized or described, different agents in the field of gambling would be able to communicate consistently with each other and pursue convergence of research results.
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate whether elderly stroke patients show differential deficit in executive function relative to other cognitive functions. To this end, we compared cognitive functions of 31 elderly stroke patients and 31 normal elderly subjects. The stroke patients were sampled from nursing hospitals for elderly persons and the normal older adults were sampled from the local community. Cognition Scale for Older Adults(CSOA) was used to measure executive and other cognitive functions. The study yielded three main findings. First, the stroke patients showed greater deficits in Executive IQ than in Basic IQ. Second, the stroke patients performed more poorly on tasks that demand executive processing than on tasks that do not demand executive processing. This differential performance was confirmed in cognitive tasks of attention, working memory, language, and visuospatial function. Third, the stroke patients were classified into normal, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia subgroups, based on their MMSE-KI scores. Each subgroup showed greater deficits in Executive IQ than in Basic IQ. Diagnostic indices indicated that only 10% of the stroke patients have normal executive function. These results indicate that most stroke patients have more severe deficits in executive function relative to other cognitive functions. High prevalence of executive dysfunction among stroke patients may reflect high incidence of subcortical small-vessel infarcts.
Abstract
The most powerful model of self-construal, namely independent self and interdependent self seems useful only when it is related to individualism and collectivism, and is somehow insufficient to illustrate the psychological diversity among countries sharing the same culture. Researchers of current study proposed an alternative model of self-construal (SOA model) to find out a better frame than independent and interdependent model. The current study was designed to distinguish the subtle differences of self-construal among 3 countries within same collectivistic culture, which were hardly explained by the dichotomous model. The data of 462 participants was used for one-way ANOVA and correlation analysis. The results showed that Korean and Chinese had similar scores in Subjectivity (S) and were both higher than Japanese students, while in the respect of Objectivity (O), Japanese students’ score was highest, followed by Korean and Chinese students. The pattern related to Autonomy (A) was similar to that of subjectivity. In the correlation between self-esteem and three factors of SOA, different patterns occurred among these countries. For Korean, subjectivity and autonomy had a positive correlation, while objectivity had a negative correlation with self-esteem. Japanese showed a positive correlation between subjectivity and self-esteem as well as a negative correlation between objectivity and self-esteem. There was no significant correlation between autonomy and self-esteem on Japanese samples. As to Chinese, the patterns of correlation were similar with those of Korean participants. In the future, studies on the comparison among western countries are required to testify the SOA model one step further.
Abstract
We, using the learning-test phase experimental paradigm and dot patterns(Posner et al., 1967) as experimental material, investigated whether the dissociations between perceptual categorization and recognition memory are occurred in college students, the elderly, and Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type patients. While Knowlton and Squire(1993) used different items(dot patterns) in the test stages in categorization task and recognition task, we used the same items in both categorization and recognition test stage to compare the results with each other directly, and included reaction time as a dependent measure. The results showed that Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type patients were selectively impaired in recognition, but not in categorization. The implications of these results were discussed in the final section with respect to controversy of whether perceptual categorization and recognition memory are subserved by a single memory system or by multi-memory systems.
Abstract
The main objective of the present study is to investigate whether individual differences in attentional control can modulate orienting response to unexpected emotional stimuli. Event-related potentials(ERPs) were recorded during a visual three-stimulus oddball paradigm. According to the score of Attentional Control Questionnaire(ACQ), the participants were divided into high or low attentional control(AC) groups. Simple geometric figures served as standard or target stimuli, and threat or neutral pictures as deviant emotional stimuli. Participants performed a perceptually difficult standard/target discrimination task with which deviant emotional stimuli were presented infrequently. Both AC groups showed a significantly larger amplitude at the anterior area in N2 and P3a to threat and neutral stimuli. In the result of P3b, the high AC group showed a larger amplitude to threat stimulus than to neutral stimulus. However, there was no significant difference of P3b amplitude in the low AC group. These results suggest that the attentional control of individual modulates emotion-related brain activation at the processing of context or memory update.
Abstract
The study examined the effects of semantic congruence of cue and target stimuli on modality shift effect(MSE). We measured the correct response time of target when digits 1, 2, 3, and 4 were presented as visual and auditory cues and targets. The results showed that in both Experiment 1 and 2 with different ISI between cue and target, the visual dominance effect was revealed, while the modality shift effect changed according to different ISI and semantic congruence of cue and target. In condition of short ISI, the modality shift effect was found when cue was congruent with target semantically, but the reverse modality shift effect was found when cue was incongruent with target semantically. In condition of long ISI, however, the modality shift effect took place in the semantically congruent condition but in the semantically incongruent condition, the modality shift effect disappeared. It was suggested that the visual information would be dominant over auditory information and that the original and reverse modality shift effect could be modulated by the semantic congruence conditions of cue and target stimuli. Besides, if cue was congruent with target semantically, modality shift effect remained in spite of ISI, no matter how ISI was short or long.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to show an alternative model of cultural self-construals which can explain the differences in self-perception between South Koreans and Japanese. Traditionally accurate perception of self has been regarded as essential to mental health, but some researchers argue that positive illusions (or self-enhancing biases) are general characteristics of human thinking. Self-enhancement is one of the most reliable findings in Western cultures. However, many cross-cultural studies have found little or no such biases in Japan. Therefore, it has been argued that the cultural differences in self-perception reflect cross-culturally divergent view of self as independent (in European American cultures) or as interdependent (in Asian cultures). But this perspective cannot explain the positive illusions that South Koreans have. In order to solve this problem we proposed an alternative model of cultural self-construals: the subjective self of South Koreans vs. the objective self of Japanese. As required for theoretical and construct validity of the self-construals, we found that subjective self-construals were dominant in South Koreans(n = 158) and that objective self-construals were more pronounced in Japanese(n = 131). Also, as we had anticipated, South Koreans showed significantly more false uniqueness, perceived control, and unrealistic optimism than Japanese, and these positive illusions were related to stronger subjective self-construal and weaker objective self-construal for both South Koreans and Japanese. Therefore, we concluded that South Koreans show positive illusions because of their strong subjective self-construals and weak objective self-construals, whereas Japanese show weak or no positive illusions because of their weak subjective self-construals and strong objective self-construals.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine how taking on an observer perspective effects the performance of high anxiety persons in a speaking situation that is regarded as evoking high anxiety. College students, divided into high or low socially anxious groups were asked to give two short speeches, one in the observer and the other in the field perspective. Their performances were videotaped. Immediately after each performance, participants completed a questionnaire on their mood measures, the frequency of negative automatic thinking, the degree to which they believed such thoughts to be true, safety behaviors, and anxiety. After they completed both performances, they rated their performance for each speech, and then after viewing their taped performances, they were asked again to provide the same evaluation. To examine whether or not the perspectives that they took on during the performances affected their evaluations, the subjects' ratings were compared with ratings of the videotaped performances given by independent viewers. As a result, this study found that when taking on an observer perspective, both high and low socially anxious groups think more negatively and behave more cautiously; but, only the former reported greater anxiety and gave themselves lower ratings on the observer perspective performance compared with the field perspective performance. Implications for future research are also discussed.
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate school teachers' experiences regarding bullying incidents in their own homerooms. Most bullying occurs in schools and thus teachers are essential to intervention efforts. However, research on bullying did not investigate the voice of teachers. Therefore, this study investigated the school teachers' experiences on bullying in their homerooms. A purposeful sampling approach was used to generate information-rich cases that illuminated the study and elucidated variation as well as significant common patterns with in that variation. Criteria for inclusion were to have bullying incidents in their homerooms in recent 2 years. Nine teachers, seven females and two males, participated in this study. Five of them worked at elementary schools and four of them worked at secondary schools. Each case was idiosyncratic but shared commonalities. Teachers did not recognize bullying phenomena until the victim was extremely suffered. Teachers lose their confidence as a classroom manager since they realized their limit and did not know how to intervene. Teachers investigated the bullying phenomena and stopped violent actions of bullies. Teachers referred victims to professional counselors. After experiencing bullying, teachers were always alert regarding bullying and observed all students, and asked once in a while student leader about classroom atmosphere. Teachers also helped potential victims to have a friend. Their prevention efforts were rewarded as no bullying after all, but teachers were always anxious that bullying might happen again. They lost their confidence because of bullying incidents and tried to recover their confidence as a classroom manager through entering graduate programs in counseling and joining teachers' networks. The results of this study were discussed as moral and psychosocial education regarding bullying and tolerance about individual differences. Also this study discussed the role of school counselors.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to generate an indigenous psychological theory which explains how people in Taean cope with the disaster caused by the oil spill from Hebei Spirit. Based on a grounded theory, personal in-depth interviews with 32 people in Taean and two focus group interviews were analyzed. Also, to increase the validity of the derived theory, this research adopted a triangulation methodology by applying the grounded theory to personal in-depth interviews that another colleague researcher carried out to different people. As a result, 14 categories, 36 subcategories and 68 concepts were derived to compose a paradigm model. The phenomena in the model comprise ‘change from natural disasters to social ones’, ‘negative effect on physical health’ and ‘negative effect on an ecosystem’. Causal conditions are ‘oil spill’ and ‘failure to take quick copies in the early stage’. Contextual conditions that contribute to phenomena are ‘causes that aggravate situations’ and ‘contextual protection factors’. Action/interaction strategies are classified as ‘automatic/passive copies’ and ‘controlled/active copies’. Intervening conditions that influence action strategies are ‘demographic characteristics’ and ‘individual ability to deal with the disaster’. Consequently, Taean residents experience ‘chronic stress’ or show ‘growth after the disaster’. Finally, to investigate the change in action strategies as time goes on, coding for process was performed. By developing the storyline of phenomena, a core category of ‘a process of adjustment to returning to daily lives, which are different from before the disaster’ was induced. The research findings were discussed by relating to the intervention in the improvement of disaster problems and further researches.
Abstract
This article aims to introduce the concept of Kunja’s leadership, considered as an ideal leader in Confucian societies over 2500 years, and to develop a questionnaire to measure it. We defined Kunja’s leadership as an influencing process that a leader motivates his/her subordinates to agree to and cooperate fully in reaching high level goals of an organization not by his/her position power but by subordinates' belief that the leader practices unifying people, following right path, maintaining balance, optimizing process, and abiding by sincerity. From the content analysis of the Four Books- Analects, Mencius, Doctrine of Mean, and Great Learning, we analyze Kunja’s leadership with Wuchan’s Five Constants: Humanity (仁), Righteousness (義), Courtesy (禮), Wisdom (智) and Trust (信). To measure the Five Constants, we extracted ten traits items and 31 behavioral items on the bases of the Four Books. Analysis of survey data, collected from 154 Koreans, shows that Kunja’s leadership consists of the Five Constants that have convergent and discriminant validity. Futhermore, the analysis indicates that Kunja's leadership consists of virtual traits and behaviors based on the Five Constants and both have high correlation.
Abstract
Forgiveness, which is character strength and virtue, is defined as a positive trait to intentionally renounce a desire for one's revenge and offer a wrongdoer benevolence and generosity. According to a number of empirical studies, forgiveness can reduce and prevent various maladaptive symptoms. Then, would forgiveness go beyond the relief of negative symptoms and contribute to our subjective well-being and happiness? The present study aims to examine the relations of forgiveness as character strength and subjective well-being. For this purpose, study 1 was conducted to develop Forgiveness Trait Scale(FTS), a self-report measure to evaluate forgiveness as character strength. Data from 482 undergraduates proved the single-factor structure and reliability of FTS while validating the scale through the analysis of related psychological traits. In study 2, the positive relations of forgiveness and subjective well-being were demonstrated. Study 3 confirmed these relations by surveying 2003 undergraduates all over the nation. The relations of forgiveness and demographical and personality variables were examined as well. Lastly, some implications and limitations of the current study are discussed. The suggestions for future research are also offered.
Abstract
In the present study, we explored whether there are items that function differently across women and men on Tellegen’s Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire(MPQ; Tellegen, 1982; Tellegen & Waller, In Press) by using Mantel-Haenszel(MH) statistic. For the purpose of the study, we applied MHITER program to a sample of responses to the 300-item MPQ personality test. The subjects were 300 individuals(137 men and 163 women, with a mean age of 39.72). The findings of the present study are as following. Firstly, some of the MPQ scales showed significant mean differences across gender; these were Social Potency, Social Closeness, Stress Reaction, Aggression, Harm Avoidance, and Absorption scales. Secondly, six MPQ scales showed more than three items functioning differently. Among others, the Traditionalism scale had the most DIF items, which is followed by Stress Reaction, Aggression, Social Potency, Achievement, and Harm Avoidance. In conclusion, there was a non-negligible number of DIF items across gender in MPQ scales, implying that there may be many DIF items in other personality tests that are currently used. The fact that men and women differently responded to some items reflect a socio-cultural impact in their perspectives on the personality items/tests.