Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.34 No.2
Abstract
This study analyzed the changes of family communication systems within the interpersonal paradigm of the digital era. In order to achieve this, the study conducted comparable analyses on the influences of individualism-collectivism tendencies and the online and offline self-disclosures in terms of family intimacy levels. The demography of the 1,697 research subjects ranged from teenagers to people in their thirties, who had been identified as active SNS users from December 2011 to March 2012 by the nationwide population and random sample surveys. The results showed that horizontal individualism had a statistically significant association with the frequency of online family interaction, whereas vertical collectivism has no meaningful correlation with the online family interaction frequency. In terms of online self-disclosures, only the Domain A (intimate subject) had a significant association with the online family interaction frequency and the online family interaction frequency had a statistically significant correlation with the quality of family relationships. On the other hand, in terms of offline family interactions, the vertical collectivism had a statistically significant relationship with the offline family interaction frequency. In terms of offline self-disclosures, all variables regarding offline interpersonal relationship, had no meaningful impact on the offline family interaction frequency. The research results also showed that individual cultural values and online self-disclosure had significant influences on the online family interaction frequency as mediators. In addition, the Domain C (simple acquaintance) of online self-disclosure and Domain A, B, and C of offline self-disclosure had directly influences with the quality of family relationship. The study results comprehensively verified that active online self-disclosure improved the frequency of online family interaction, thereby increased the quality of family relationships in the society where horizontal individualism was becoming more prevalent than vertical collectivism. Therefore, the study indicated that a paradigm of family communication could also be transformed from offline to online.
Abstract
This study is conducted to verify the hypothesis stating the executive function of a human brain loses its efficiency relatively faster than other cognitive functions in accordance with the body age. In this analysis, 736 healthy participants between age 16 to 69 were recruited and three paired tasks were performed depending the subjects' independency level of their executive functions. The three paired tasks were Stroop Interference Trial vs. Stroop Simple Trial, Verbal Fluency vs. Information, and Design Fluency vs. Picture Completion. The data for each paired task were subject to analysis of covariance in which “age” was the independent variable and “years of education” and “gender” were two covariants. The result shows that there is a statistically significant relationship between the paired tasks and the age of participants. In this interaction, the decreasing rate of participant age-considered performance is greater in the tasks demanding a higher level of executive function. Thus, the age-related performance decline was faster in Stroop Interference Trial relative to Stroop Simple Trial, Verbal Fluency relative to Information, and Design Fluency relative to Picture Completion. In terms of erroneous responses, it showed age-related increases in errors on Stroop Interference Trial and perseverative responses in Verbal and Design Fluency. These results are consistent with the executive decline hypothesis of cognitive aging. The previous studies have provided the evidence that the executive function matures more slowly than nonexecutive cognitive functions. Considering this evidence, this study results lead to a conclusion that the cognitive functions that mature slowly are also age faster, or more succinctly expressed, it is a “Last in, first out”.
Abstract
Distress tolerance is a risk factor to various psychological disorders and numerous empirical studies have focused on evaluating this concept. However, there have been only a few comprehensive reviews of the extant empirical literature studied the concept and most recent literature reviews neither explored the relationships between distress tolerance and other similar constructs, nor included studies examining the role of distress tolerance in the development and maintenance of psychological disorders. This study is conducted to comprehensively examine distress tolerance with the consideration of the previously mentioned issues. In order to achieve this objective, this study reviewed main theories of distress tolerance and compared main arguments of those theories. Further, this study analyzed various measures of distress tolerance and incorporated the studies of the relationships between distress tolerance and other variants in the comparative analyses. This study provides a better understanding of the distress tolerance role in psychological disorders by examining the relationships between distress tolerance and various forms of psychological disorders. In conclusion, this study proposes future directions of the empirical studies on distress tolerance and psychological disorders as discussing the limitations of the previous studies.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to review the psychoanalytic discussions in the literature on fathers and their unique roles in child development. We take a comprehensive and integrative perspective to expand the literature by discussing the importance of pre-oedipal fathers, which has not received sufficient attention compared to Freud’s punitive and inhibiting oedipal fathers. This paper has five themes: (a) The roles that fathers play in the conflict and resolution of the Oedipus complex; (b) the internalization process of the father figure and the development of the representation of the father; (c) the father’s contribution to promoting the child’s separation-individuation from the primitive mother-child relationship; (d) the characteristics of the father-child relationship in the pre-oedipal phase and the roles that pre-oedipal fathers play in the child’s ego development; and (e) clinical problems associated with fathers and the implications for nurturant fathering. This study is meaningful in that it helps us understand the mechanism of intrapsychic dynamics with regard to fathers from psychoanalytic perspectives and also provides practical suggestions for father involvement in contemporary Korean families.
Abstract
Since counselors are critical in determining the efficacy of psychotherapy counseling, there have been numerous published articles studied the effectiveness of counselor features in counseling. This study analyzes the research trends on counselors by reviewing the published articles in the “Korean Journal of Psychology” during the period between 1983 and 2012. A total of 107 publications relating to counselors was selected for the analysis. This study identified and evaluated research institutions, research subjects, analysis methods, research topics and other variables. The analysis results show that the majority of the research related to counseling was conducted by university-level institutions, and in those studies, the most frequent subject among the selected articles was “counselors.” In terms of the topics, the most frequent research topics to the least were characteristics of counselors, training and supervision, progress evaluation, progress and outcome, research review, research on evaluation and measurement development, outcomes of counseling, and theoretical concepts of counseling. The variables of a counselor that affect the therapeutic outcomes in psychotherapy were analyzed by using the classification standard that was suggested in the article of Beutler et al. (2004). Also, the content analysis was performed on the three most frequent topics, and the result of the analysis was compared with the one from the article of Beutler et al. (2004). Furthermore, the structural and content analysis on the Korean counselor factors affecting counseling outcome was performed by categorizing the counselor variables into two classifications: the common counseling factors and Korean counseling factors. This classification standard was based on the following counselor factors introduced in the article of Kim et al. (2008): self-management, understanding, skills, attitudes, and relationships. In conclusion, this study provides implications and proposals of future research based on the findings of the analyses.
Abstract
This study is conducted to comprehensively overview and evaluate psychological research on North Korean refugees for the future research directions. This study analyzes 56 selected psychological studies on North Korean refugees that were published in the Korean Journal of Psychology from 1999 to 2014. This study consists the following sections: First, this study discusses the importance of this study based on the limitations of the previous research on North Korean refugees in addition to a discussion on the research trends on North Korean refugees in relation to the patterns of their domestic entry into South Korea. Second, this study addresses different aspects of North Korean refugees' adaptation to their new life in South Korea, such as acculturation, psychological adaptation/psychopathology, and economic adaptation. Furthermore, it examines various factors such as individual characteristics, relational factors, and mutual attitudes between South Korean and North Korean refugees. Finally, this study suggested the limitations of the previous studies and proposes future directions of psychological research based on the overall limitations of the previous studies in order to prepare for effective reunification of North and South Korea.
Abstract
This overview article is based on the premise that we should think over the concrete way to realize the spirit of positive psychology. Among the three main topics of positive psychology, this article focuses on positive personalities and pays attention to the influence of natural environments on facilitating positive personalities. This review article is to show that we can realize the aim of positive psychology by fostering positive personalities through natural environments. Specifically, it was supposed that among the twenty four character strengths, creativity, curiosity, self-regulation, persistence, vitality, social intelligence, citizenship, appreciation of beauty and excellence, spirituality would be particularly suitable to be developed through natural environments, and therefore related literatures were reviewed. Particularly, among the Ways to Use VIA Character Strengths proposed by Rashid & Anjum, this article put emphasis on those in relation to natural environments. Putting Lee(2014) and this review together, the suggestion is obtained that the facilitation of positive experience and the development of positive personality through natural environments are in the upward spiral relation. Future research should consider the realization of the spirit of positive psychology through natural environments from the viewpoint of positive institution.
Abstract
By analyzing all fifty research papers related to the topics on the Korea Unification, North Korea, North Koreans, North Korean refugees in fourteen issues of the Korean Journals of Psychology published in the last 14 years (2000-2013), this study identifies the research trend and preparedness for Korean Unification of Korean Psychology Association (KPA). The research was analysed by structural and content characteristics. In terms of structural features, the study identified the numbers of research by publication issues, years of publication, and sponsoring institutes and in terms of content features, this study identified the number of research and research subjects by the usage of the word, “Korean refugee”, target research subjects and by the North Korean refugees' durations of their stay in South Korea. In particular, the research subjects were analyzed by the following categories: the difference of South and North Korean social-cultural values, resistant factors against the Korea Unification, adaptation of North Korean refugees, and adaptation strategies and programs for the potential conflicts after the Unification. Therefore, this study provides analysis results and follow-up discussions by structural and content features of the published articles and by this comprehensive evaluation, this study provides proposals on future policies and competitive research projects of the Korean Psychology Association for the Korea Unification in addition to the five proposals on the research topics including the difference of South and North Korean social-cultural values, resistant factors against the Korea Unification, adaptation of North Korean refugees.
Abstract
This study was based on evolutionary psychology perspective to understand and classify trauma. Organisms naturally targets conservation and preservation of species and trauma is a serious incident that threatens the survival, safety and flourish of the organism. Fear-memory circuits, withdrawal, aggressive defense, appeasement, attentive immobility, tonic immobility and etc. followed by the incidents are core reactions and coping mechanisms of trauma which are built in during the evolutionary process. In this study, we separated the time by each evolutionary era (Mesozoic-Cenozoic -Paleolithic -Neolithic) also, separated and classified the threats that human ancestors faced in the environment of evolutionary adaptation into several types; threats by hostile nature, threats posed by intraspecific competition - intergroup competition and intragroup competition, traumatic events such as interspecies competition threats, a developmental trauma, artificial threats etc. The DSM-5 diagnostic system for Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder has overlooked the unique characteristics of human beings, in other words, the importance of psychological safety as well as the developmental trauma and object relation trauma, and vulnerability of the objects that emerged in the evolution of the human species. In addition, we also discussed therapeutic implications on trauma on evolutionary perspective.
Abstract
Recently, latent growth models (LGMs) have been widely used in education or psychology for analyzing behavioral change over time. Although there have been a plethora of methodological research for the last couple of decades, required sample sizes for the model under various conditions still remains unclear for most substantive researchers. The present study carried out a series of Monte Carlo simulations with three mostly used types of LGM and tried to provide general guidelines for minimum required sample sizes for accurate estimation. According to the results, larger sample sizes were required when the number of measurement occasions were small, when missing responses were present, and when a binary outcome variable was included in the model. In particular, when the complex conditions were combined, very large sample sizes were required showing interactions between those conditions. Additionally, we discovered that quadratic growth models required remarkably larger sample sizes compared to linear or lambda-estimated growth models with minimal number of time points. Finally, we discussed how to apply the simulation results to determining appropriate sample sizes in practical situations.
Abstract
This study analyzes the three different estimation algorithms for recovering item parameters for the compensatory multidimensional IRT (MIRT) models. In particular, two- and four-dimensional models were investigated with different degrees of correlation between latent traits. The standards such as bias, standard error, and root mean square error were used to evaluate the recovery of item parameters for each program. The results indicated that in most conditions, Metropolis-Hasting Robbins-Monro (MH-RM) outperformed full information item factor analysis (FIIFA) and bivariate information item factor analysis (BIIFA) for a-parameters except for the independent and very low inter-trait correlation conditions where BIIFA outperformed the other algorithms. However, the MH-RM algorithm consistently produced the highest empirical standard errors compared to the other two methods for all conditions. FIIFA performed at a higher standard than BIIFA for a-parameters with moderately correlated latent traits. BIIFA is more suitable for a-parameters, especially when the levels of latent traits' independence or correlation are very low, and it is more suitable for d-parameters regardless of inter-trait correlations in the four-dimensional models. Overall, three estimation methods provided more accurate a- and d-parameter as the number of examinees increased, and less accurate a-parameter occurred as the inter-trait correlation increased. The inter-trait correlation condition did not have a dramatic impact on the recovery of d-parameter across all three algorithms.