Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
Vol.31 No.2
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the influence of cognitive process on the growth after relational loss. Correlation and regression analyses were carried out to explore the relationships among posttraumatic growth(PTG), cognitive flexibility and cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and also to investigate the mediating effect of positive cognitive emotion regulation on the relationship between cognitive flexibility and PTG. The results showed that PTG was positively correlated to cognitive flexibility, specifically more closely related to the “alternative” than the “control” factor of cognitive flexibility scale. Also, significant positive correlation was found between PTG and positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies but no significant relationship was found between PTG and negative strategies. Furthermore, positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies partially mediated the relationship between cognitive flexibility and PTG. Based on these results, the influence of cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation strategies on growth after relational loss was discussed. Finally, the limitations of this study were discussed along with suggestions for further research.
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to explore the interaction of personal pronouns (e.g. ‘I’ and ‘you’) and emotional evaluation (e.g. positive and negative) using multi-task approaches (e.g. lexical decision task and primed naming task). In Experiment 1, participants were presented with personal pronouns as primes at SOA 300ms and were asked to respond emotional words which differed in emotional attributes. The results showed that the interaction effects of personal pronouns and emotional words were significant. In Experiment 2, participants were presented with personal pronouns as primes at SOA 300ms and were asked to pronounce emotional words which differed in emotional attributes. The results showed that the interaction effects of personal pronoun and emotional words were also significant. These results were discussed from a point of view of dynamic processes of social cognition.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to test clinical symptoms and executive functions of adult ADHD patients. The hypothesis is that adult ADHD patients show higher clinical symptoms and lower performance in executive functions as children with ADHD show deficits in those functions. Method: Twenty-five ADHD patients and twenty-one healthy control subjects with matching age, gender and education participated in the study. They were tested in clinical symptoms like impulsivity, depression, anxiety, and self esteem, and executive functions. We analyzed the symptoms and performance in executive functions. Results: With regard to the clinical symptoms the adult ADHD patient showed severer clinical symptoms, but in contrast to our hypothesis they exhibited no neuropsychological deficits in attenion, memory, verbal fluency, psychomotoric behavior, and IQ, compared to the healthy control. The implications and limitations of this results are discussed.
Abstract
The pattern of psychological and clinical risk factors to suicide among Korean population is an important issue. This study aimed to identify the risk factor characteristics for Korean suicides. This was a case-control psychological autopsy (PA) study. Using this, 56 suicide deceased were compared with 36 living controls matching age and gender. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with family members, cohabitants and the next of kin of the subjects. Data were collected on a wide range of potential risk and protective factors, including demographic, life event, clinical and psychological variables. The relative contribution of these factors towards suicide was examined in a binary logistic regression model. As a result, several factors were found to significantly and independently contribute to suicide: adjustment in employment and school, trustful people, problem with cohabitants, unhappiness in childhood, history of past attempts, psychiatric illness, psychological stress from life events and difficulties. Though both case groups and control group have life events and difficulties over the ratio of 90%, the level of stress in the case groups was significantly much more severe. Besides, psychological strain plays an important role in suicide. Risk factors for suicide in Korea are definitely not different from those in the West, China and Japan.
Abstract
Main purpose of this study is to develop a diagnostic questionnaire for Korean soldiers to predict accident-related behaviors such as suicide, physical violence, and desertion from barracks by measuring one's causes and current level of stresses, and stress reactions. To achieve these research purposes, we conducted this study with three steps. In the first step, we reviewed prior studies on stress which were conducted with civilian samples and identified potential causes of stress in military setting. In the second step, we composed a preliminary questionnaire of 178 items based on our stress model and carried out a pilot study with 1,500 soldiers of Korean Armed forces. With this result, we selected final items for the main study. In the final step, survey data were collected from 3,690 privates who were sampled from Korean Armed forces. Final version of our questionnaire contains 87 items and it is composed with three variable groups which have seventeen sub-scales. In addition, validation of the diagnostic questionnaire was tested by comparing the results from normal soldier group with those from soldiers(N=53) who were prisoned in Army jail by committing in a violation of law. The results show that there are significant differences between the normal group and the prisoned group in most of the sub-scales. Therefore, we concluded that the Stress Diagnostic Scale is a valid tool in predicting one's possibility of committing in a violation of law or an accident.
Abstract
A continuous assessment and a categorical diagnosis of the presence of mental well-being, characterized as flourishing, and the absence of mental well-being, described as languishing, are applied to a random sample of 1,000 South Korean adults. The aim here is to examine the factorial structure, reliability, and convergent/discriminant validity of a Korean version of the Mental Health Continuum short form (K-MHC-SF). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the 3-factor structure in emotional, social, and psychological well-being. The internal consistency of the overall K-MHC-SF was .93 and its test-retest reliability was .72. The total score on the K-MHC-SF correlated .54 with a measure of psychosocial functioning, showing convergent validity. In addition, criteria for the categorical diagnosis were applied, and findings revealed that 8.1% were flourishing, 72.8% were moderately mentally healthy, and 19.1% were languishing. Another CFA supported the hypothesized two-continua model of mental health and mental illness, showing discriminant validity. The results of the present study suggest that the K-MHC-SF is a psychometrically sound instrument for measuring the three dimensions of mental well-being.
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of regulatory focus in fantasizing goal achievement. Drawing on previous research on fantasy realization and regulatory focus, it was assumed that regulatory focus would affect the content and effect of fantasizing. Specifically, it was expected that in promotion-focused fantasizing, optimistic thoughts would be more prevalent than would obstacle thoughts, and thus the impact of promotion-focused fantasizing in motivating goal-directed behavior would only be weak. In contrast, obstacle thoughts would be more prevalent than optimistic thoughts in prevention-focused fantasizing, and thus the impact of prevention-focused fantasizing in motivating goal-directed behavior would be strong. This hypothesis was tested in an experiment employing college students in Korea. Participants in the promotion focused-fantasy condition freely fantasized their career choice and self-realization in a promotion frame, whereas those in the prevention-focused fantasy condition fantasized their career choice and self-realization in a prevention frame. Using a dual-task paradigm in which participants must allocate their resources effectively and complete the two tasks simultaneously, we found supportive evidence for the research hypothesis. Implications and limitations of the study were discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and reliability of the Korean version(K-BSAS) of the Beliefs Supporting Aggression Scale which was developed by Slaby & Guerra(1988) to measure the beliefs supporting aggression. The subjects of this study were 611 students ranging in age from 15 to 18 years from four junior high schools and four senior high schools in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Gyeongbuk, and Gyeongnam. They were assessed by the Korean translation of Beliefs Supporting Aggression Scale, Korean Adolescent's Dysfunctional Schemas Questionnaire (K-DSQ), Korean Children's Automatic Thoughts Scales (K-CATS), Adolescent Behavior Assessment Scales for Self Report (ABAS-S), and Latent Delinquency Questionnaire(LDQ). The results are as follows. First, principal component analysis of 9 items excluding the reverse-scored items extracted two factors which accounted for 50.39% of the total variance. Second, there was significant effect of gender on the K-BSAS. Male students scored significantly higher than did female students on the K-BSAS. There was no significant effect of age. Third, the Pearson's correlation showed that the increase of self-esteem/positive image subscale and legitimacy of aggression subscale were positively related to each other. Total scores of the K-BSAS also had positive correlations with the increase of self-esteem/positive image subscale and legitimacy of aggression subscale. Fourth, the K-BSAS had positive correlations with the K-DSQ and K-CATS. Fifth, mean score of the K-BSAS was significantly higher in the aggressive groups and delinquent groups than the nonaggression groups and non-delinquent groups. Sixth, internal consistencies (α) of the K-BSAS were good: α= .74 for the increase of self-esteem and positive image subscale, α= .61 for the legitimacy of aggression subscale, α=. 72 for the total score of the K-BSAS.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the variables that predict an internet addiction for early adults. Our study enrolled 359 adults who live in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Daegu and Gangwon(Chuncheon). 261 general samples were mainly college students(male 114, female 147) and target samples using primarily the internet in PC room were 98 people(male 82, female 16). Stepwise regression results indicated that internet use motivations, open communication with parent and anxiety explained 62% of internet addiction. Specially, pastime use motivation is the most strong predictive variable. Therefore, it is important to figure out concrete internet use motivation of user, communication pattern with parents for prediction and therapy of internet addiction
Abstract
The purpose of present study is to describe the regional differences of Korea in general factors of mind: Emotion, Thinking style, and Values and to draw Korean Mind Map with the results. The questionnaire was consisted of 10 scales(4 for emotions, 2 for thinking style, 4 for values) and 1,000 college students(Men 523, Women 477) from five regions of Korea(Seoul-Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungcheong, Jeolla, Gyeongsang) were participated in the survey. The results are as follows. In Emotion, Gangwon, Chungcheong showed higher depression level than other regions while Seoul-Gyeonggi, Gyeongsang had higher scores of SWB. In Thinking style, holism level was higher in Gangwon, Chungcheong than other regions. In Values, Jeolla, Gyeongsang showed higher RWA level and Seoul-Gyeonggi, Jeolla, Gyeongsang scored higher in trust. More significant results and the maps of them were presented and discussed. With these results we expect to establish a basic psychological database to understand Koreans as well as to provide valuable suggestions for the further studies with the variables used in this study.
Abstract
This study was carried out to discover, using the framework of traditional Confucian ideas, what structures of Confucian values remain in the thoughts and actions of Koreans, and to develop a tool for measuring those values. In the process of developing a scale, first, the traditional Confucian values system was divided into three categories (world view, perspective on human beings, and perspective on society) based on literature research in order to select the questions to ask. Second, existing empirical analyses were referenced to produce 77 questions on Confucian thoughts and actions that the researchers themselves experienced in real life, and a preliminary study was carried out. Third, based on the results of that study, the questions were revised and some were eliminated to produce 54 pilot questions on Confucian values for this study. Using a professional survey company, an online survey was conducted on 300 subjects from teenagers to people in their 60’s. The analysis results of the collected data show that, out of the three theoretical categories, “world view” and “perspective on human beings” each had one factor that was significant, while there were four such factors for “perspective on society” in the sub-categories of virtues between “husband and wife”, “old and young”, “friends”, and “parents and children”. Of these factors, “virtues between old and young” had the highest average score, followed in ranking by “virtues between friends”, “perspective on human beings”, “virtues between parents and children”, “world view”, and “virtues between husband and wife.” The results of comparing the levels of Confucian values according to gender and age group show that, with gender, there were significant differences with respect to Confucian values in general, world view and virtues between husband and wife, while with age groups there were significant differences with respect to Confucian values in general and all the sub-category factors. These results reveal that many Confucian values still continue to exist within the minds of Koreans but the level of those values differ for different factors, especially with respect to gender and age group. The differences can be viewed as an indicator reflecting the westernization of Koreans and the generation gap in Korean society. In the discussion section, the significance and limitations of the results of this study were discussed and ideas for further future research were presented.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the pass model which cognitive-flexibility and self-concept clarity mediate in the relations between the condition of high levels of as well independent self-construal as interdependent self-construal and subjective well-being, and between these condition of self-construals and depression. Furthermore, it was investigated whether self-complexity has moderating effects in the pathway from cognitive-flexibility and self-concept clarity to subjective well-being and depression on our pass model. In addition, it was explored whether gender difference appeared in our pass model. For these aims of this study, data were collected from 671 students(333 males, 338 females) in eight universities. For the analyses of mediating effects and moderating effects, the method of structural equation modelling was used. The results were as follows. First, this study showed that self-concept clarity was a mediator in the relationship where subjective well-being was affected by both independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal. And this study showed that cognitive flexibility and self-concept clarity were mediators in the relationship where depression was affected by both independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal. Second, self-complexity moderated the relation between self-concept clarity and depression on our model. That is, when the level of self-concept clarity is low and the level of self-complexity is high, the level of depression is low, but when the level of self-concept clarity and the level of self-complexity are high, the level of depression is high. Third, it was identified that there are differences by gender in our pass model. We discussed the meaning of some results which were not consistent with previous researches and the implications for further study.
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of K-MBSR on attention by CAMS-R, ANT, and sLORETA. Subjects were 25 male and female college student. K-MBSR practiced in 11 students and they were practiced for 6 weeks. The control group were 14 students. All the subjects had pre-test and post-test with CAMS-R and ANT. EEG was recorded in post-test . In CAMS-R meditation group showed high attention. Also in ANT result meditation group show more lower error than control group and higher performance in receptive attention. In sLORETA analysis, meditation group was lower theta than control group in mindfulness meditation and relatively activity in insula, superior parietal gyrus, and temporal-parietal junction. In alpha meditation group show relatively more activity than control group. But in concentration meditation, meditation group was higher theta than control. Implication for this results were discussed in the final section.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of performance-avoidance achievement goal orientation and self-handicapping strategy in the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and university students' academic procrastination. This study also investigated the relationships among socially prescribed perfectionism, performance-avoidance achievement goal orientation, self-handicapping strategy and academic procrastination. The participants of this study were chosen from university students in Gyeongsangnam-do and Seoul and they received questionnaires to measure their socially prescribed perfectionism, performance-avoidance achievement goal orientation, self-handicapping strategy and academic procrastination. Based on previous studies the researcher constructed one research model and 4 alternative models to navigate the most suitable explanation for data and verified the influence of variables and the significance of the mediating effect. The results indicate that socially prescribed perfectionism, performance-avoidance achievement goal orientation, and self-handicapping strategy significantly affect academic procrastination positively. The results of SEM showed that the relation between socially prescribed perfectionism and academic procrastination were completely mediated by performance-avoidance achievement goal orientation and self-handicapping strategy. The implication of this result was discussed and the limitation and future direction of this study were suggested in the end.
Abstract
This study investigated the reliability and validity of smartphone addiction scale. The scale was based on the 20-item Young (1998)'s internet addiction scale, Kang & Son (2009)'s mobile phone addiction scale, and new items derived from smartphone-related contents and checklists on the web. The items were reduced into the final scale with 23 items, which were delivered to 201 university students. Factor analysis extracted 5 factors the smartphone addiction scale, such as preoccupation, life difficulty, usual, excessiveness, and relationship. The internal consistency (Cronbach' ⍺) of the scale was .86. According to correlation analysis, the scale showed correlation with depression, anxiety, self-control and impulsivity, but not with openness and conscientiousness of big 5 personality scale. These results indicate that the smartphone addiction scale has concurrent validity. The structural equation analyses for cross-validation showed that our 5-factor model could be supported by the new sample consisted of 105 students. Limitation of smartphone addiction scale and direction of future studies were discussed.