Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
Vol.30 No.1
Abstract
Synesthesia is a condition under which a sensory stimulus in a certain modality elicits perceptual experience in another modality along with perceptual experience in the relevant modality. Attempts to unveil neural mechanisms of synesthesia have increased with the accumulation of psychophysical and cognitive psychological studies investigating the authenticity and perceptual reality of synesthesia. This work reviews research on the neural mechanisms of synesthesia for last 20 years or so. First, this work compares representative neural models on synesthesia and introduces genetic approaches to synesthesia to investigate the cause for synesthesia. Second, this work discusses a number of brain imaging and ERP studies to explore whether synesthetic experiences are mediated by the shared neural mechanisms and neural information processing stages underlying real sensory experiences.
Abstract
Recently, as the LED industry has rapidly developed, LED lighting market is also expanding. LED lighting is drawing attention as the next generation lighting that leads low-carbon green growth in terms of the environment-friendly lighting characterized by its low power consumption, long life, and nontoxicity. And it is in the spotlight as an emotional lighting because it easily implements a variety of color dimensions, one of the most important elements affecting human emotion. However, it is true that psychological research on conventional lighting as well as LED lighting hasn't been so active until now. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the influence of not only the various colors of LED lighting but also general lighting characteristics such as illumination and color temperature to human mind and behaviors. If plentiful contents and technology of lighting that accord with human mind are developed based on the research findings, they will be driving forces for the growth of lighting industry and will contribute to the development of psychological research on lighting. In this paper, the effects of light and color as the basis for the psychological research on lighting are examined and the outcome of psychological research on lighting so far are summarized breaking it down into affective, physiological and behavioral one. From those approaches, some recent findings confirmed the possibility that LED lighting has different emotional, physiological, and cognitive effect on human mind and behaviors from conventional lightings are introduced. In addition, future research tasks and prospects of the psychological research on lighting are discussed.
Abstract
This study is aimed to analyze how parental rearing behaviors, child bullies' and victims' communication and problem solving skills influence their behaviors associated with bullying. The results of a survey on 481 male and female children, fifth and sixth graders from 15 classes in all, of a primary school in Inchon are as follows. First, the children's bullying or being bullied behaviors greatly varied depending on their gender, grade and their parents' marital life. Second, compared to the normal group, the group of bullies and victims scored lower on the good parental rearing behavior scale but higher on the bad parental rearing behavior scale. Third, child's communication and problem solving skills were significant factors in relation to bullying. For example, the group of bullies and victims showed lower scores on both communication and problem solving skills than the normal group. These results indicate child bullies' and victims' communication and problem solving skills and their parents' rearing behaviors have significant influence on both child bullies' and victims' behaviors. This study also includes its implications and limitations.
Abstract
This study examined the relationship among level of self-silence, quality of personal relationship, and depression for university students and the mediating effect of depression. The subjects were 513 students(male:258, female:255) from 8 universities located in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon. Descriptives, Correlation Analysis, and Multiple Regression Analysis were used to analyze the data. The results were as follows. First, there was a significant difference between sexes in interpersonal relationship. Males were more aware of the quality of it. There was nonsignificant difference in self-silence and depression. Second, Correlation analysis showed that self-silence had a positive correlation with depression; both self-silence and depression, negative correlation with personal relationship. Third, according to the result of the effect that self-silencing influences interpersonal relationship, males' self-silencing is more important factor than females' one. Fourth, males' depression have more influence on interpersonal relationship than females' one. Fifth, there were full mediating effect of depression on relation of self-silence and interpersonal relationship. These results suggested the importance of self-silence and depression in therapeutic approach to university students who have difficulty in personal relationship.
Abstract
The Simple Rey Figure Test(SRFT) was developed to assess visual perception and visual memory abilities of the elderly people by simplifying the figure of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test(RCFT). This study investigated the SRFT performance of 374 normal elderly Koreans with wide-range of age(55-84 years) and education (0-24 years). We examined the effects of demographic factors, including age, education, and gender on the SRFT. We found that the age and education influenced the performance on the SRFT. There was no sex effect. The age and education affected the immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition of the SRFT, but age did not affect the performance on the Copy task. Furthermore, participants were divided into 5 educational levels(0, 1-6, 7-9, 10-12, and more than 13 years of schooling) to examine the effects of education on the copy. The result showed the uneducated group performed significantly worse than the other groups including education of 1-6 years. In conclusion, the SRFT performance in elderly Koreans were affected by education, and cognitive assessment in uneducated elderly people should employ norms that specify performance of this group.
Abstract
This study was performed to develop and validate the Korean version of Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale-Ⅱ. In the study1, K-FNE was completed by 330 university students. Exploratory Factor analysis showed that a two-factor structure can be derived from the K-FNE. One factor included straightforwardly worded itmes(K-FNE-S) and the other factor included reversed scored items(K-FNE-R). There were a correlation analysis between two factors and SADS. The results showed that the correlation between K-FNE-S and SADS was significant, but the correlation between K-FNE-R and SADS was not significant. These results indicated that K-FNE-R lowered the construct validity of K-FNE. In the study2, Participant were 253 university students. the result of factor analysis showed that a one factor structure was derived from the K-BFNE2. Sceondly, exploratory factor analysis showed that the data was fit the one factor structure. Thirdly, the K-BFNE2 was significantly correlated with the SPS and SIAS. Finally, we discussed the K-BFNE2's implication conscerning the study and treatment of social phbics.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a family scale for detecting gambling problems in family members, which help to identify family member's gambling behaviors. To do so, we selected several constructs necessary for the development of a family scale, integrating theoretical approach and experiential approach. Specifically, we constructed blue print and developed items through the constructs included in the existing gambling addiction scales, the analysis of individual interview, with each of 33 gamblers, and the contents of focus group interviews with counselors, G.A. members and their families. As a result, 46 dichotomous items were selected for the preliminary survey for gambling addicts and we obtained 2 factors such as ‘behavioral change’ and ‘economic situation change’ through the factor analysis. Due to the biased composition of the respondents(students were more than 80%) and unsatisfactory model fit, we modified the items and selected 34 items for the main survey on 154 family members of gamblers through several procedures. We obtained a 3 factor model through the exploratory factor analysis. The factors are ‘financial crisis’, ‘indifference to family and economic problems’, and ‘emotional problems and change in everyday behaviors’. Finally, we constructed a 10 item scale for differentiating levels of gambling behaviors in family members. Following the modified Angoff method, we obtained a standard score to use for judging the level of gambling behaviors. The cut off score is 5, and its reliability is considerably high(.86). Lastly, we discussed the implications and the limitations of this study.
Abstract
This study examined the relations among perfectionism, self-criticism, self-consciousness, body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms. The data of 229 female college students in Seoul and Daegu were analyzed for this study. It indicated that (a) on body dissatisfaction, the main effects of self-consciousness and self-criticism, the two-way interaction effect of perfectionism and self-criticism and three-way interaction effect of perfectionism, self-criticism, and self-consciousness were significant, (b) on bulimic symptoms, the main effect of self-criticism and the three-way interaction effect of perfectionism, self-criticism, and self-consciousness were significant. These results suggest that interventions for the change of perfectionism, self-criticism and self-consciousness are needed in the process of treatment and prevention of bulimic symptoms.
Abstract
This study assumes that there are individual differences in music preference and examines the relationship between personality traits and music preference. The participants were 347 college students (185 females) whose ages ranged from 17 to 37 (M=21.53, SD=2.26), the Big Five Locator test and the BAS/BIS Scale were used to measure personality traits. The results of the proposed 35-item Music Preference Questionnaire indicate a satisfactory level of reliability and validity. Women were more likely to be involved in musical activities and more likely to prefer classical music than men. The results of the correlation analysis reveal that whereas extraversion, openness, and agreeableness were positively related to music preference, emotional stability was negatively related to the pursuit of psychological effects of music, a subscale of the MPQ. All the sub-variables of the BAS and BIS scales were positively related to music preference. The BAS and the BIS accounted for approximately 15% of the variance in music preference, and Big Five personality traits, approximately 7%. This study verifies the gender differences in music preference, illustrates some personality traits related to music preference, and suggests that dispositional and motivational personality factors are more closely related to music preference than to personality characters.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of reconstructed career program, combined interactive of bibliotherapy into general career counseling, on the career-decision self-efficacy and career attitude maturity of regular high school girls. The experimental design used in this study is 'pretest-posttest control group design', the data collected after experiment carried out ANCOVA(analysis of covariance) with pretest score as covariate variable and used SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. As a result, the bibliotherapy group got the positive effects on career-decision self-efficacy and career attitude maturity. Especially, goal selection, career information, problem solving, future plan, the lower factor of career-decision self-efficacy, had significantly improved compared to the control group and so did the lower factor of career attitude maturity, determinacy, goal-driven, confidence, independence. It was proven that the positive effects of the career-decision self-efficacy and career attitude maturity have lasted for 1 month even after the end of program.
Abstract
It has been reported that illiterate elderly people or elderly people with low educational background obtain lower scores on verbal concept formation tasks compared to control subjects. Several studies have suggested that deterioration in the structure of semantic networks may underlie verbal conceptual dysfunctions. In this study we examined the semantic structure in the elderly Koreans by analyzing the responses of Category Fluency test quantitatively and qualitatively. Healthy elderly subjects were recruited from the local community. The Category Fluency Test involved two semantic categories: i.e., animal and supermarket. The study examined the clustering and switching variables in the two categories and employed multidimensional scaling (MDS) to derive the internal cognitive maps of the three groups of elderly subjects: the illiterate with low education, the literate with low education, and the literate with high education. Three groups demonstrated similar cognitive maps with domestic dimension in semantic structure. However, clustering and switching variables indicated that literacy was related to the number of words generated on both fluency tests and higher education was associated with more switching. These results suggest that the semantic structure in the illiterate elderly or the elderly with low educational background was less organized than that of the literate counterpart with high educational background.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Perceived Parenting Attitudes and Self- differentiation on the Core self-evaluations. The participants of the present study were 211 employee. 3-step regressions of Baron & Kenny(1986) and Covariance Structure Models by LISREL were employed to test the hypothesis of this study. The result of this empirical study exhibits that Parenting Attitudes have positive effects on the Core Self-evaluations. And the Self-differentiation also serves as a mediator between Parenting Attitude and Core Self-evaluation. In 3-step regressions, Parenting Attitudes had positive effects on the Self-differentiation(R^2=.324, p<.001) and Core Self-evaluations(R^2=.124, p<.001). And in the third step, added influence of Parenting Attitudes on Core Self-evaluations(△R^2=.015, p<.05) was less then that of the second step(R^2=.124, p<.001), but still was statistically significant. It was found that Perceived Parenting Attitudes during children's preadult years had effects on the Core Self-evaluation, which also was mediated by the Self-differentiation.
Abstract
Although there has been a significant advance in the field of cultural psychology, it remains challenging to answer the fundamental question of what produces the diversity of cultures in the world. The goals of this article are to review both early and recent attempts to address this question and to suggest directions for future research. A special attention is given to the ecocultural approach to culture, in particular, how this approach theoretically conceptualizes and empirically investigates the constituting relationship between the human mind and ecocultural conditions. A diverse array of current empirical work is reviewed, including (a) work on cross-cultural variations in the development of cognitive competence and adaptation, (b) research on within-culture variations in self-construal and social behavior, and (c) research on the effects of geographic movement on the self, social relationships, and cultural change. Directions for future research are discussed.
Abstract
Many studies have suggested that the preceding signs of personality disorders in adolescent continue and develop into adulthood. This is an exploratory study to find out whether the pathological personality of adolescent exists in a similar forms to adult and can it be applicable to adolescent personality disorder diagnosis of DSM-Ⅳ which only usable to adult by now. First, Adolescent version(PDDS-A) of the Personality Disorder Diagnostic Scale(Seo & Hwang, 2006) composed of 112 items was constructed in this study. PDDS-A and the Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) were administered to 290 junior high school students. Then the similarities between adolescents' personality pathology and that of adult were examined. The results of examining validity and reliability suggested PDDS-A has similar levels of internal consistencies as PDDS. Two versions of the scale (PDDS for adult and PDDS-A for adolescent) showed similar correlation patterns each other among 10 subscales for diagnosing PDs. Furthermore, PDDS-A well reflected the diagnostic classification of PDs in the DSM-Ⅳ, which was supported by the significant positive correlations within the PD clusters. Correlation pattern of 10 subscales in PDDS-A and 4 temperaments in JTCI were similar to that of adult(Park, Hwang, & Lee, 2008). This result provides evidence there is a possibility that adolescents' personality pathology can be exist in a similar way with adults' personality disorder represented in DSM-Ⅳ. Implications of the study and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the application and acquisition of strategy in enumeration tasks. For this purpose, counting time of stimuli set size in various enumeration conditions was measured. In Experiment 1, the effect of knowledge of stimuli set size on enumeration time was examined. It was confirmed after the experiment that providing the information of stimuli set size in advance helped the participants to develop a counting strategy. In Experiment 2, the effect of the counting strategy acquired by enumeration practice without explicit verbal cueing on enumeration time was analyzed. The results showed that enumeration practice induced the acquisition of a counting strategy, which in turn produced the similar results to Experiment 1(subitizing was also observed in each session). In sum, the knowledge of set size affected on counting strategy which in turn reduced counting time for relatively larger set size of 7 to 9 items. In addition, this tendency was repeatedly observed in the experimental conditions varied by stimuli discriminability as well as amount of counting practice.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to find the effects that Perception of offender's intention and victims' empathy have on forgive-motivation. For this, we measured the empathy-level of students attending University and conducted analysis of variance (ANOVA) with measuring offenders' forgive-motivations in texts after presenting texts about offenders' intentional conditions and coincidental conditions. This study showed that when subjects are perceive of offenders' intention as coincidence, the improvement of victims' empathy-level help victims' forgive-motivations to improve because of meaningful difference between low empathy-level group and high empathy-level group. Also when subjects are perceive of offenders' intention as intentional, the improvement of empathy-level can't give some help to improvement of forgive-motivations because there aren't any meaningful difference between low empathy-level group and high empathy-level group. To find the details about how the offenders' intention have effects on victims' forgive-motivations in analysis result, we conducted second analysis of variance (ANOVA) regarding sub-factors of forgive-motivations(not-revenge motivation, not-avoidance motivation) as dependent variables. In result, the not-revenge motivation were higher in high empathy-level group than low empathy-level group when both subjects are perceive of offenders' intention as coincidence and subjects are perceive of offenders' intention as intentional. But whereas the not-avoidance motivation were high in high empathy-level group than low empathy-level group when subjects are aware of offenders' intention as coincidence, it was low in high empathy-level group than low empathy-level group when subjects are perceive of offenders' intention as intentional. Through this result, the reason why there are not statistically meaningful differences in forgive-motivations between high empathy-level group and low empathy-level group when subjects are perceive of offenders' intention as intentional is seemed that the not-revenge motivation of high empathy-level group increase but the not-avoidance motivation decrease than low empathy-level group. This study is meaningful in the way that we searched empathy reported as it has the correlation with the forgive-motivations may have the meaningful effects on forgive-motivations by offenders' intention that subjects are perceive of but may not.
Abstract
Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) was developed as a measure of everyday cognitive errors by Broadbent, Cooper, Fitzgerald, and Parkes (1982). Concerning the factor structure of this questionnaire, there have been various models suggested, including a 4-factor model which was suggested by Wallace, Kass, and Stanny (2002) and was validated by Wallace (2004). This study was performed to make Korean version of CFQ and to evaluate its factor structure and validity. With 293 college students, scores of cognitive failures, everyday attention, everyday memory, and five factor scales of personality, and their levels of academic achievement were surveyed. Factor analysis of CFQ suggested 5 factors, whose fit indices were assessed positively by confirmatory factor analysis. Correlation analysis showed that cognitive failures correlated highly with everyday attention and memory, but not with academic achievement level. As expected, cognitive failures had positive correlation with neuroticism and negative correlation with conscientiousness. In conclusion, Korean version of CFQ was judged to have a lot of validity, but it revealed somewhat different factor structure from the English one suggested by Wallace. Limitations of CFQ and directions of future studies were discussed.