Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
Vol.30 No.3
Abstract
This study examined the effect of stress and depression on suicidal ideation in a longitudinal approach. A total of 2,267 students of the cohort data(from 10 to 14 year olds) who participated in the Korean Youth Panel Study(KYPS) were used. In order to fulfill the purpose of the study, first the growth pattern of stress, depression and suicidal ideation were analysed by Latent Growth Model(LGM). Second, Multivariate Latent Growth Model was used to find out the relationship of the three variables. The results of this study were as follows: First, it was found that the three variables showed a linear growth as time passed. Second, results indicated that the increase of stress and depression may lead to the increase of suicidal ideation through the adolescents' growth. Discussions are followed to suggest application of the study result in reference to the adolescents with suicide-related problems.
Abstract
People tend to believe that they are less likely than the average person to experience negative events. Such unrealistic optimism has been assessed in two ways, direct and indirect measures. Using various risky events, the present studies compared unrealistic optimism in these two methods. Study 1 investigated whether there is difference between these two methods in the magnitude of unrealistic optimism, and in the correlation between unrealistic optimism and major event characteristics-perceived frequency, controllability, severity, availability. The two measures showed significant difference not only in magnitude of unrealistic optimism but also in the correlation between unrealistic optimism and risk characteristics. Studey 2 tested empirically whether event frequency influenced differently in unrealistic optimism of direct and indirect method. The direct method produced stronger unrealistic optimism when an event absolute frequency is low rather than high, which supported the existing egocentrism account. In the indirect method, however, an opposite effect was found, namely, unrealistic optimism was significantly stronger when an event absolute frequency is high rather than low, which showed novel results. The effects of event frequency in direct and indirect method were discussed.
Abstract
This review is aimed to discuss problems of calculating IQ & SQ in judgement of intellectual disabilities and to propose further researches and tasks. In calculating IQ, we have often encountered problems that 1) same subjects got different quotient by various tools/versions 2) equal aged subjects got different quotient by different tools 3) IQ tests did not have norm for elderly(in K-WAIS, over 64) and unable to calculate specific IQ for persons with very low intellectual function(eg. K-WAIS cannot display less than IQ 45). Also, in calculating SQ, there were problems with applying arbitrary CA(Chronological Age) for persons older than 30 and using test items out of date. Fair judgement of intellectual disabilities is very important not only for each individuals involved but also for public society because it is used to determine the beneficiary of disability pension. We also suggested the necessity of 1) psychological evaluation by licensed clinicians 2) consensus among psychologist about IQ/SQ calculation 3) active trial to reflect psychologist's opinion in legislation of intellectual disabilities.
Abstract
Recent advances of electronic devices and communication technology enabled scientific studies using diary method to grow rapidly. The modern diary method, also called ecological momentary assessment(EMA) measures participants' ongoing experiences and behaviors in their natural environment by using electronic diaries. It is designed to minimize recall bias and maximize ecological validity and allows researchers to explore the dynamic process of variables over time and across situations. For these reasons, the use of the diary method has notably increased internationally in psychological studies and related areas. The present study introduced the development of the diary method and characteristics of the modern diary method. Current practices of the diary method in psychological studies including its applications in South Korea were also reviewed. Finally, prospective applications of the modern diary method and practical considerations for the use of the diary method were discussed.
Abstract
The current study employed an experimental design, to examine the effects of self-compassion versus distraction treatments on emotional reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events and the moderating role of trait self-compassion in these effects. 84 university students completing the Korean versions of the Self-Compassion Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory prior to experiment were asked to think and write about a negative event that they had experienced in school and that had made them feel badly about themselves. After writing about the event, they were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: self-compassion treatment(n = 42) or distraction treatment(n = 42). Their emotions(sadness, anger, anxiety, and happiness) were measured before and after recall, immediately after treatment, and at the end of the relaxation period. Results demonstrated that the self-compassion treatment showed a greater decrease in anger mood and tended to show a greater increase in happiness mood immediately after treatment as compared with the distraction treatment. These immediate effects tended to be generally maintained at the relaxation period. The superior effects of the self-compassion treatment as compared with the distraction treatment on change in anxious mood at the relaxation period tended to be more prominent in the lower trait self-compassion group. In conclusion, these results suggest that self-compassion treatment may be a useful intervention for improving emotional reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events in non-clinical samples and that their trait self-compassion may emerge as a moderator of the relative efficacy of self-compassion treatment.
Abstract
This research examines which moral foundations liberals and conservatives use when they make moral judgments of social issues. Moral foundations theory (Haidt & Joseph, 2004) suggests three moral foundations, authority/respect, ingroup/loyalty, purity/sanctity in addition to harm/care and fairness/ reciprocity which have been focused in western society. To test moral foundation theory based especially on the three additional moral domains, we elicited and analyzed liberals' and conservatives' schemata for adultery. In Study 1, we found 12 moral elements for adultery through group and individual interviews. In Study 2, we analyzed liberals' and conservatives' moral schema networks for adultery. Social network analysis showed that conservatives' moral network was larger and denser than liberals'. In addition, liberals judged adultery on the basis of the ethics of autonomy (freedom) and thought that consequential values of adultery (family, children, law) were highly relevant with adultery. By contrast, conservatives used more purity-related factors (e.g., sin, obscene) than liberals and thought that deontological values (disloyal, betray) were highly relevant with adultery. These findings suggest moral foundations theory can be also valid in Korean society.
Abstract
The purpose of this study focuses on the Influence of the Ego-identity of a child from an international marriage on career maturity of multicultural youth. The questionnaires were done by 125 students in 13-20 years old who attend general schools and alternative schools of 10 primary schools, middle schools and high schools located in Gyeonggi, Seoul, Jeonnam and Chungnam where families of international marriage are intensively distributed. The results of this study are as follows. First, while school type, scholastic achievement, fluency in Korean language and national identity affect sub-factors with respect to the difference in the ego-identity based on general characteristics, it is found that dual self-regulation of national identity affects sub-factors of variables when gender, school type, scholastic achievement and higher and fluency in Korean language is better in the case of career maturity. Second, it is found that ego-identity and career maturity are in correlation and the sub-factors of ego-identity which affects the average of career maturity are self-receptivity and confidence in the future. Finally, it is found that subjectivity affects the determination of career maturity(-), confidence in the future affects the determination of career maturity(+), subjectivity affects the involvement of the determination of career maturity(-), self-receptivity affects the involvement of career maturity(-), initiative affects the independence of the career maturity (+), confidence in the future affects the career maturity(+) and self-receptivity affects the compromise of career maturity(+) in the multi regression analysis of sub-factors of ego-identity and those of career maturity. This may implies that the higher ego-identity of multicultural juvenile is the higher career maturity is and if they trust self-receptivity and confidence in the future to heighten the above they well adapt to the school and perform the curriculum in accordance with their course. Thus, this result becomes the milestone that can be utilized in the field of career education and consultation so that children in the family of international marriage can overcome the difficulty of double culture through difference and individualization of general school and alternative school as the principal of multicultural society. Further, it suggests that more consultation is required in the aspect of ego-identity based on the double self-regulation of multicultural juvenile and its career maturity.
Abstract
The Centrality of Event Scale(CES) was developed to measure how central an traumatic event is to a person's identity and life story by Berensten & Rubin(2006). The aim of this research is to validate the Korean version of the CES. The CES is administrated to 190 undergraduate students. This students also completed the Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) and the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale(PDS). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed one-three factor solution. The CES demonstrated satisfactory convergent validity which was supported by its significant positive correlations with the PDS and the BDI. Results demonstrated that the CES had good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The implications and limitations of this results are discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the associations among irrational relationship beliefs, negative conflict tactics and dissatisfaction in early adult romantic relationships. Relationship Beliefs Inventory(RBI), Conflict coping behavior scale, and relationship satisfaction scale were completed by a sample consisting of 204 adults(100 men, 104 women) in ongoing romantic relationships. As hypothesized before, irrational relationship beliefs were positively correlated with negative conflict tactics such as withdrawal and aggressive acting-out behavior and negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction. The beliefs related to disagreement is destructive and partners can not change were most strongly related to relationship dissatisfaction. Path analyses indicated that irrational beliefs have indirect effect on relationship satisfaction which mediated by negative conflict tactics. Implications of these findings for couple therapy are discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of experience of close relationship and intentional rumination on posttraumatic growth. This study also aims to examine whether the intentional rumination mediate the relationship between close relationship and posttraumatic growth. For this purpose, sample of 317 university students (150men and 167 women) in Busan. were asked to complete Perceived Social Support Scale, Experience of close relationship-R Scale, Rumination Scale, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Simple correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were used. The results were as follows. As a result of the simple correlation analysis, posttraumatic growth showed significant positive correlation with social support, intentional rumination and significant negative correlation with attachment-avoidance. After social support and attachment-avoidance combined to form experience of close relationship, structural modeling were used. Structural equation modeling analysis showed that intentional rumination had full mediation effect between the experience of close relationship and the posttraumatic growth. Finally, limitation of the present study and directions for future research, as well as the clinical implications of the study's findings, were discussed.
Abstract
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI) is one of the most popular and widely used personality assessment instruments in various settings. The primary advantage of the MMPI-2 is to provide an accurate and comprehensive personality profile based on affluent data. On the other hand, a shortcoming of the MMPI is that length of the test instrument and amount of time required for test administration are too long. Therefore, many researchers have developed short forms of the MMPI, which were of less items and less time consuming than the full MMPI, while retaining its validity and clinical utility. The purpose of this study was to develop a short form of the MMPI-2 (Depression scale) using full-information item factor analysis method. The reliability and validity of our short form were reasonably good. Three factors were extracted and labelled as subjective depression, difficulty in interpersonal relations, and decrease of physical activities respectively. The items of our short form showed a very high utility(R^2.948) of predicting scores of the full version and high correlations(.449∼.898) with Harris-Lingoes subscales and depression subscales. These results indicate that the short form has adequate reliability and validity, and explains the variability of the full version scores sufficiently. Thus it can be used as a substitute when it is not feasible to use the full version. Finally, the implications and limitations of the study along with suggestions for future research are discussed.
Abstract
Nuclear power plants and radioactive waste repositories are stigmatized as risky facilities by lay people. This study examined a new model that social trust, rather than negative emotion in the stigma susceptibility model(Peters, Burraston & Mertz, 2004), would have a pivotal role in stigma response of radioactive source technologies. Results of structural equation modeling indicate that trust in governmental agencies was important in stigma responses of radioactive source technologies. In both cases of nuclear power plants and radioactive waste repositories, trust had the direct influence on the stigma responses. Stigma responses were influenced by the perceptions of risk and benefit directly, and by trust indirectly. Risk and benefit perceptions were linked with trust directly and indirectly via affect of the technologies, but not via knowledge. The perceptions of risk and benefit were influenced indirectly via trust by the worldview of people. Negative reactivity had influence on the risk perception without the mediation of the affect on the technologies. Findings of this study imply the importance of trust in laypeople's perception on the radioactive source technologies.
Abstract
In this study, we explored the extent to which Koreans of different ages perceived structure in the Rorschach inkblots. To this end, a two alternative, forced choice task was employed in which Korean participants judged, of two cards presented, which one was more structured (i.e., more distinct or unambiguous). Participants comprised four age groups (elementary, high school, college, and older adults) to explore the effect of age differences. Results showed that participants reported different degrees of structure in the inkblots, with comparable response patterns across all age groups. Significantly, Card V was judged the most distinct and Cards VI, VII, VIII, and IX were judged the least distinct (i.e., more ambiguous). Nevertheless, an age effect was found between older adults and three younger age groups particularly in Cards I and X, a finding that needs to be taken into consideration in future efforts to revise the Rorschach scoring system at least for Koreans. Taken together, contrary to popular belief, not all Rorschach figures appear to be devoid of structure.
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in simple and complex trauma. Sample consisted of 428 simple trauma group and 207 complex trauma group in Korean adults aged over 18 who had experienced at least one traumatic event in their life time. We assessed their PTSD symptoms using Posttrauma Diagnostic Scale (PDS), and tested five models consisting of PTSD symptom factors based on the DSM-IV criteria as well as those from the previous studies. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on each of the five models of the PTSD symptoms. Among the five models, the four factor intercorrelated model with re-experiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing and hyperarousal factors provided the best fit in both simple and complex trauma groups. Results are discussed regarding the implications of this finding.
Abstract
With the topic of narcissism drawing attention, interest in shame also followed. Since the time of Freud, shame has not received much spotlight in the field of ego psychology. It is rather a concept which subsequently received recognition when the topic of narcissism arose through Kohut’s creation of self psychology. As an important emotional display of narcissism, shame plays a crucial role in clinical situations in understanding the narcissists. Psychoanalysts are divided in the topic of narcissism, and thus hold different perspectives for shame. Some view it as signal or defense mechanism for the conflict caused by the emergence of drive. Others view it as “the fusion with the lost idealized object”. Kohut’s viewpoint is that shame is “a failure of the selfobject in empathizing and admiring.” The following article will discuss the relationship between shame and narcissism in a psychoanalytical perspective and clinical importance of it.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to critically examine the number of female juvenile offenders' increasing trend that recently found in Korean at feminism criminological point of view, and to confirm change of criminal justice's basis ware significantly associated with growth of female offender. To achieve this, we review literature related to feminist criminology and examine which criminal policy was related to increase of female offender in criminal jurisdiction of the United States and whether similar pattern was found in the Korean criminal justice's basis. Some data were reconstructed by applying Korean official statistics, but logical structure of this study was almost based on literature study.