ISSN : 1229-0688
본 연구는 서울 소재의 도박중독치료센터 1개소에 내방한 남자 병적 도박자 151명의 TCI 기질 및 성격 검사의 프로파일을 군집 분석하여 유형별 특징을 살펴보고 도박중독 심각성 수준에 따른 세 집단(상위, 중위, 하위) 간 TCI 척도에서의 차이 양상을 비교해 보고자 이루어졌다. 본 연구에서 밝혀진 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 병적 도박자는 일반 성인 규준점수에 비해 기질적인 측면에서 자극추구 점수가 높고, 성격적인 측면에서 자율성 점수가 낮음이 확인되었다. 둘째, 병적 도박자의 군집분석 결과 ‘자극추구와 위험회피가 동시에 높은 폭발적 집단’, ‘자극추구형 집단’, ‘위험회피가 낮은 집단’ 세 가지로 분류되었다. 셋째, 병적 도박자들은 중독 수준이 심각할수록 자극추구와 위험회피가 높고 자율성은 낮았다. 넷째, 높은 자극추구 기질은 병적 도박자에게서 보이는 보다 일반적인 특징이라고 볼 수 있는 한편 위험회피는 병적 도박의 심각성과 관련 된다고 볼 수 있다. 성격 측면의 자율성은 도박중독의 심각성을 줄이는 역할을 할 수 있음이 시사되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 시사점과 제한점에 대해 논의하였다.
This study was aimed to analyze the characteristics of 151 male pathological gamblers according to their TCI scores. The main findings were as follows. First, pathological gamblers showed significantly higher scores on the temperament factors novelty seeking(NS) and lower scores on character factors self- directedness(SD) than the norm population. Second, the three subgroups classified according to cluster analysis of TCI profiles were named as the ‘high novelty seeking and high harm avoidance group’, ‘high novelty seeking group’, and ‘low harm avoidance group’. Third, as the pathological gambling gets severer, gamblers scored higher on both novelty seeking(NS) and harm avoidance(HA), but lower on self- directedness(SD). Finally, the high novelty seeking was the most common observed traits of pathological gamblers, while high harm avoidance was related to the severity of pathological gambling. Based on these results, the limitation and suggestions for the future study are discussed.
민병배, 오현숙, 이주영 (2007). 기질 및 성격검사 매뉴얼. (주)마음사랑.
이인혜 (2004). 카지노 게임 선호유형, 성별,도박심각성과 심리적 특성 간의 관계; 비합리적 신념과 충 동성을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 9(2), 351-378.
이흥표, 김정수, 고효진, 김갑중 (2003). 병적도박의 충동성과 감각추구: 알코올 중독과의 비교. 신경 정신의학, 42(1), 89-95.
최완철, 김경빈, 오동열, 이태경 (2001). 한국형사우스오크 병적 도박 검사 표준화에 대한 연구. 중독정신의학, 5(1), 46-52.
한영옥, 김한우, 김태우, 이재갑, 정준용 (2011). MMPI-2 프로파일을 통해 본 남성 병적 도박자의 특성. 한국심리학회: 임상, 30(2), 519-536.
현명호 (2004). 도박성게임 이용자에 대한 실태조사. 경기도: 한국마사회.
Allcock. C. C. & Grace, D. M. (1988). Pathological gamblers are neither impulsive nor sensation- seekers. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 22(3), 307-311.
American Psychological Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th addition). Washington, DC: Authors.
Anderson, G, & Brown, R. I. (1984). Real and Laboratory gambling, sensation, seeking and arousal. British Journal of Psychology, 75, 401- 410.
Barratt, E. S. (1965). Factor analysis of some psychometric measures of impulsiveness and anxiety. Psychological reports, 16(3), 547-554.
Blaszczynski, A. P. (1999). Pathological gambling and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder. Psychological Reports, 84(1), 107-113.
Blaszczynski, A. P. McConaghy, N., & Frankova, A. (1991). Control versus abstinence in the treatment of pathological gambling: A two to nine year follow-up. British Journal of Addiction, 86(3), 299-306.
Breen, R. B., & Zuckerman, M. (1999). ‘chasing’ in gambling behavior: personality and cognitive determinants. Personality and Individual Differences, 27(6), 1097-1111.
Carlton, P. L., & Manowitz, P. (1994). Factors determining the severity of pathological gambling in males. Journal of Gambling Studies, 10(2), 147-157.
Castellani, B., & Rugle, L. (1995). A comparison of pathological gamblers to alcoholics and cocaine misusers on impulsivity, sensation seeking, and craving. International Journal of the Addictions, 30(3), 275-289.
Cloninger, C. R., Praybeck, T. R., Svrakic D. M., & Wetzel, R. D. (1993). The Temperament and character inventory (TCI); A guide to its development and use. St. Louis. MO: Center for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University.
Coventry, K. B., & Brown, R. I. (1993). Sensation seeking, gambling and gambling addictions. Addiction, 88(4), 541-554.
Coventry, K. R. & Constable, B. (1999). Physiological arousal and sensation-seeking in female fruit machine gambler, Addiction, 94(3), 425-430.
Ciarrocchi, J. W. (2007). 도박중독심리치료 [A self-regulation manual for individual and family therapy]. (김경훈, 김태우, 김한우, 안상일, 이영찬, 최성일 역). 서울: 시그마 프레스. (원전은 2002에 출판)
Ciarrocchi, J. W. (2002). A self-regulation manual for individual and family therapy. Elsevier Academic Press.
Ciarrocchi, J. W., Krischner, S., Falik, F. (1991). Personality dimensions of male pathological gamblers, alcoholics, and dually addicted gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 7(2), 133-142.
Dell'Osso, B. Allen, A., & Hollander, E. (2005). Comorbidity issues in the pharmacological treatment of pathological gambling: A critical review. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 1, 21.
Dickerson, M. G., & Adcock, S. G. (1987). Mood, arousal and cognitions in persistent gambling: Preliminary investigation of a theoretical model. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 3(1), 3-15.
Eysenck, H. J. (1992). The definition and measurement of psychoticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(7), 757-786.
Gray, J. A. (1987). Perspective on anxiety and impulsivity: a commentary, Journal of Research in Personality, 21(4), 493-509.
Gray, J. A. (1981). A critic of Eysenck's theory of personality. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed), A model for personality. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Griffiths, M. D. (1990). Factors in problem adolescent fruit machine gambling: Results of small postal survey. Journal of Gambling Studies, 6(3), 193-204.
Hammelstein, P. (2003). Faites vos jeux! Another look at sensation seeking and pathological gambling. Personality and Individual Differences, 35. 1-15.
Janiri, L., Martinotti, G., Dario, T., Schifano, F., Bria., P. (2007). The gambler's temperament and character inventory(TCI) personality profile. Substance Use and Misuse, 42(6), 975-984.
Kim, S. W., & Grant, J. E. (2001). Personality dimensions in pathological gambling disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Research, 104, 25-212.
Leiseur, H. R., Blume, S. B. (1987). The South Oaks gambling screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gambler. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(9), 1184-1198.
Graham, J. R.. & Lowenfeld, B. H. (1986). Personality dimensions of the pathological gambler. Journal of Gambling studies, 2(1), 58-66.
Matthews, G. & Gilliland, K. (1999). The personality theories of H. J. Eysenck and J. A Gray: a comparative review. Personality and Individual Differences, 26(4), 583-626.
Nordin, C., & Nylander, P. O. (2007). Temperament and Character in Pathological Gambling. Journal of Gambling studies, 23(2), 113-120.
Petry, N., Stinson, F., & Grant, B. (2005). Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66(5), 564-574.
Shin, Lim, Choi, Kim, & Grant, (2009). Comparison of Temperament and Character Between Early and late-Onset Korean Male Pathological Gamblers. Journal of Gambling studies, 25(4), 447-453.
Steel, Z., & Blaszczynski, A. (1998). Impulsivity, Personality disorders and pathological gambling severity. Addiction, 93(6), 895-905.
Vitaro, F., Arseneault, L., & Tremblay, R. E. (1997). Dispositional predictors of problem gambling in male adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(12), 1769-1770.
Zuckerman, M., Bone, R. N., Neary, R., Magelsdorf D., & Brustman, B. (1972). What is sensation seeker? Personality trait and experience correlates of the sensation seeker scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39(2), 308-321.
Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zuckerman, M., Kuhlman, M., Joireman, J., Teta, P., & Kraft, M. (1993). A comparison of three structural models for personality: The big three, the big five and the alternative five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 65(4), 757-768.
Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Zuckerman, M. (1999). Vulnerability to psychopathology: A biosocial model. Washington. D. C: American Psychological Association.
