open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
본 연구는 지각된 불공정성이 우울을 매개하여 자살위험으로 이어지는 관계가 긍정적 대인관계에 따라 달라지는 지와 이 관계가 성별에 따라 차이를 보이는 지 검증하였다. 이를 위해 2012년 한국종합사회조사(KGSS)의 1,396명의 자료를 분석하였다. 연구 변인은 KGSS 공정성 문항, MINI(The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview)의 자살성 모듈, 우울증 선별척도(Patient Health Questionnaire-9), 그리고 심리적 안녕감 척도의 긍정적 대인관계 하위 척도로 평가하였다. PROCESS macro로 검증한 결과, 첫째, 남성의 경우 우울이 지각된 불공정성과 자살위험의 관계를 완전 매개한 반면 여성의 경우 부분 매개하였다. 둘째, 남성의 경우 지각된 불공정성과 우울, 그리고 우울과 자살위험의 관계에 대한 긍정적 대인관계의 조절효과가 유의하지 않은 반면 여성에서는 조절효과가 모두 유의하였다. 셋째, 지각된 불공정성과 자살위험의 관계에서 우울을 통한 긍정적 대인관계의 조절된 매개효과는 여성에서만 유의하였다. 본 연구 결과는 지각된 불공정성을 우울 및 자살위험 개입에서 고려해야 하며, 긍정적 대인관계를 증진하는 개입이 지각된 불공정성이 정신건강 문제에 미치는 부정적 영향을 완화하는데 효과적일 가능성을 시사한다.
This study examined whether depression mediates the relationship between perceived injustice (PI) and suicide risk (SR), and whether this relationship differs based on gender and positive relationships. Data from 1,396 participants in the 2012 Korean General Social Survey (KGSS) were analyzed. Measures included KGSS PI items, the MINI suicidality module, the PHQ-9, and the Positive Relations with Others subscale of the PWBS. PROCESS Macro analysis indicated that while depression fully mediated the relationship between PI and SR in men, it only partially mediated it in women. In men, positive relationships did not moderate the relationship between PI and depression or between depression and SR, while it moderated both relationships in women. Finally, the moderated mediation effect of positive relationships was only significant for women. The results suggest that PI and gender should be considered in depression and suicide intervention, and that promoting positive relationships could mitigate some of the negative effects of PI on mental health.
구희령 (2016, 07, 01). 대학생도 직장인도 90%가 “헬조선 맞다”...‘금수저-흙수저’사회가 이유 1위. 중앙일보. https://news.joins.com/rticle/20249142에서 2018, 10, 02 자료 얻음.
김명소, 김혜원, 차경호 (2001). 심리적 안녕감의 구성개념분석. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 15(2), 19-39.
김은하, 김도연, 김수용 (2016). 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음이 일반 성인들의 화병 증상에 미치는 영향: 분배공정성과 절차공정성을 중심으로. 상담학연구, 17(5), 25-45.
김은하, 김수용 (2017). 정당한 세상에 대한 개인적인 믿음이 일반 성인들의 우울 증상에 미치는 영향: 내외통제성을 통한 공동체의식의 조절된 매개효과. 상담학연구, 18(1), 1-22.
김지범, 강정한, 김석호, 김창환, 박원호, 이윤석, 최슬기, 김솔이 (2017). 한국종합사회조사 2003-2016. 서울: 성균관대학교 출판부.
김현정, 황의갑 (2011). 자살 위험성에 영향을 미치는 요인-애그뉴의 일반긴장이론을 중심으로. 한국범죄학, 5(1), 75-110.
박수진, 김종남 (2018). 초기 성인의 우울과 자살사고의 관계: 지각된 짐스러움, 좌절된 소속감의 매개효과 및 삶의 이유의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 30(3), 877-908.
박승진, 최혜라, 최지혜, 김건우, 홍진표 (2010). 한글판 우울증 선별도구(Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9)의 신뢰도와 타당도. 대한불안의학회지, 6(2), 119-124.
박영례, 장은희 (2013). 대학생의 스트레스가 우울에 미치는 영향: 사회적 지지의 조절효과를 중심으로. 성인간호학회지, 25(5), 549-558.
백지은 (2010). 남성노인과 여성노인의 사회적 지지 경험이 심리적 건강에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 15(3), 425-445.
송리라, 이민아 (2016). 아동기 트라우마 경험과 성인기 우울의 관계. 한국인구학, 39 (2), 1-24.
송인덕, 조성겸 (2013). 서베이 모드와 사회적 바람직함 편향: 민감한 주제에 대한 전화 면접, 대면 면접, 온라인 서베이 응답 비교. 조사연구, 14(2), 165-199.
신혜진 (2018). 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음이 대학생의 우울에 미치는 영향에서 낙관성과 인지적 유연성의 매개효과. 학습자중심교과교육연구, 18(5), 413-437.
엄현주, 전혜정 (2014). 중년기 남녀의 자살생각에 관한 예측요인. 정신보건과 사회사업, 42(2), 35-62.
유상우, 김영신, 노주선, 오강섭, 김찬형, 남궁기, 김세주 (2006). 한국판 Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 타당도 연구. 대한불안의학회지, 2(1), 50-55.
윤희웅 (2010, 10, 12). [KSOI의 여론스코프]“우리 사회는 불공정” 74%. 주간경향. http: //www.weekly.khan.co.kr/khnm.html?mode=view&artid=201010061816051에서 2018, 10, 02 자료 얻음.
이웅, 임란 (2014). 박탈경험과 불평등인식의 관계연구: 우울의 매개효과 검증. 보건사회연구, 34(4), 93-122.
이수인 (2016). 자살생각에 대한 사회적 영향 요인과 심리적 영향 요인의 통합적 접근. 민주사회와 정책연구, 30(0), 104-139.
이인정 (2011). 노인의 우울과 자살생각의 관계에 대한 위기사건, 사회적 지지의 조절효과. 보건사회연구, 31(4), 34-62.
이혜선, 김성연, 박 일, 강여정, 이지영, 권정혜 (2012). 대학생의 자살관련생각과 행동의 원인 및 자살을 선택하지 않은 이유. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 24(3), 703-728.
전지혜 (2010). 장애차별경험과 장애인의 우울감의 관계 연구. 정신보건과 사회사업, 35, 51-80.
정은주, 안창일 (2012). 직장인의 직무 스트레스와 스트레스 대처 전략에 관한 성차 연구. 여성연구, 82, 137-162.
조아라, 강보라, 서영주, 길은하, 오희영 (2018). 중산층 한국인의 생애주기별 자살 충동경험과 위험요인: 비교의식과 관련된 사회심리적 특성을 중심으로: 8차 한국의료패널 자료분석. 지역사회간호학회지, 29 (1), 1-10.
조영주 (2016). 대학생의 지각된 스트레스, 실존적 안녕, 우울 및 자살 사고의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 28(3), 801-827.
통계청 (2018). 2017년 사망원인통계. http://www.kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/1/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=370710&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&sTarget=title&sTxt=에서 2018, 10, 02 자료 얻음.
한국보건사회연구원 (2016). 사회통합지수 개발 연구. https://www.kihasa.re.kr/web/publication/research/view.do?menuId=44&bid=12&ano=2143 에서 2018, 10, 02 자료 얻음.
황정우, 이강욱, 김정유, 이동하, 김두명 (2017). 동거 및 독거노인의 우울이 자살사고에 미치는 영향과 대인관계의 조절효과. 정신보건과 사회사업, 45(1), 36-62.
Barrios, L. C., Everett, S. A., Simon, T. R., & Brener, N. D. (2000). Suicide ideation among US college students associations with other injury risk behaviors. Journal of American College Health, 48(5), 229-233.
Becker, T. E. (2005). Potential problems in the statistical control of variables in organizational research: A qualitative analysis with recommendations. Organizational Research Methods, 8(3), 274-289.
Bernstein, M., & Crosby, F. (1980). An empirical examination of relative deprivation theory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16(5), 442-456.
Beshai, S., Mishra, S., Meadows, T. J., Parmar, P., & Huang, V. (2017). Minding the gap: Subjective relative deprivation and depressive symptoms. Social Science & Medicine, 173, 18- 25.
Besharat, M. A., Nia, M. E., & Farahani, H. (2013). Anger and major depressive disorder: The mediating role of emotion regulation and anger rumination. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(1), 35-41.
Bosma, H., Gerritsma, A., Klabbers, G., & van den Akker, M. (2012). Perceived unfairness and socioeconomic inequalities in functional decline: The Dutch SMILE prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 818-823.
Bosma, H., Schrijvers, C., & Mackenbach, J. P. (1999). Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality and importance of perceived control: Cohort study. BMJ, 319(7223), 1469-1470.
Brausch, A. M., & Decker, K. M. (2014). Self-esteem and social support as moderators of depression, body image, and disordered eating for suicidal ideation in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(5), 779-789.
Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Adair, K. C., Payne, B. K., Richman, L. S., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2014). Discrimination hurts, but mindfulness may help: Trait mindfulness moderates the relationship between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 201-205.
Burleson, B. R. (2003). The experience and effects of emotional support: What the study of cultural and gender differences can tell us about close relationships, emotion, and interpersonal communication. Personal Relationships, 10(1), 1-23.
Chou, K. L. (2012). Perceived discrimination and depression among new migrants to Hong Kong: The moderating role of social support and neighborhood collective efficacy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 138(1-2), 63-70.
Clements, C. M., Sabourin, C. M., & Spiby, L. (2004). Dysphoria and hopelessness following battering: The role of perceived control, coping, and self-esteem. Journal of Family Violence, 19(1), 25-36.
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300- 314.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357.
Corning, A. F. (2000). Assessing perceived social inequity: A relative deprivation framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3), 463-477.
Dalgard, O. S., Dowrick, C., Lehtinen, V., Vazquez-Barquero, J. L., Casey, P., Wilkinson, G.., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Page, H., Dunn, G., & The ODIN Gruop. (2006). Negative life events, social support and gender difference in depression - A multinational community survey with data from th ODIN study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(6), 444-451.
De Vogli, R., Ferrie, J. E., Chandola, T., Kivimäki, M., & Marmot, M. G. (2007). Unfairness and health: Evidence from the Whitehall II study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 61(6), 513-518.
Eibner, C., Sturn, R., & Gresenz, C. R. (2004). Does relative deprivation predict the need for mental health services. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 7(4), 167-175.
Elliott, M. (2001). Gender differences in causes of depression. Women & Health, 33(3-4), 183-198.
Ford, M. T. (2014). Perceived unfairness at work, social and personal resources, and resting blood pressure. Stress and Health, 30(1), 12-22.
Fredrick, S. S., Demaray, M. K., Malecki, C. K., & Dorio, N. B. (2018). Can social support buffer the association between depression and suicidal ideation in adolescent boys and girls? Psychology in the Schools, 55(5), 490-505.
Gottlieb, B. H., & Bergen, A. E. (2010). Social support concepts and measures. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(5), 511-520.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Pres.
Hayes, A. F., Glynn, C. J., & Huge, M. E. (2012). Cautions regarding the interpretation of regression coefficients and hypothesis tests in linear models with interactions. Communication Methods and Measures, 6(1), 1-11.
Houle, J., Mishara, B. L., & Chagnon, F. (2005). Can social support help prevent men from suicide attempt?. Santé mentale au Québec, 30(2), 61-83.
Howard, L. W., & Cordes, C. L. (2010). Flight from unfairness: Effects of perceived injustice on emotional exhaustion and employee withdrawal. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 409-428.
Hunt, I. M., Kapur, N., Robinson, J., Shaw, J., Flynn, S., Bailey, H., Meehan, J., Bickley, H., Parsons, R., Burns, J., Amos, T., & Appleby, L. (2006). Suicide within 12 months of mental health service contact in different age and diagnostic groups: National clinical survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 188(2), 135-142.
Jackson, B., Kubzansky, L. D., & Wright, R. J. (2006). Linking perceived unfairness to physical health: The perceived unfairness model. Review of General Psychology, 10(1), 21-40.
Jang, J. M., Park, J. I., Oh, K. Y., Lee, K. H., Kim, M. S., Yoon, M. S., Ko, S. H., Cho, H. H., & Chung, Y. C. (2014). Predictors of suicidal ideation in a community sample: Roles of anger, self-esteem, and depression. Psychiatry Research, 216(1), 74-81.
Jensen, M. P., Smith, A. E., Bombardier, C. H., Yorkston, K. M., Miro, J., & Molton, I. R. (2014). Social support, depression, and physical disability: Age and diagnostic group effects. Disability and Health Journal, 7(2), 164-172.
Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. Journal of Urban health, 78(3), 458-467.
Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. O. (2014). Sex differences in the pathways to major depression: A study of opposite-sex twin pairs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(4), 426-435.
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2005). Sex differences in the relationship between social support and risk for major depression: A longitudinal study of opposite-sex twin pairs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 250-256.
Kleiman, E. M., & Liu, R. T. (2013). Social support as a protective factor in suicide: Findings from two nationally representative samples. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(2), 540-545.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606-613.
Lee, C. Y. S., & Dik, B. J. (2017). Associations among stress, gender, sources of social support, and health in emerging adults. Stress and Health, 33(4), 378-388.
Lee, C., Dickson, D. A., Conley, C. S., & Holmbeck, G. N. (2014). A closer look at self-esteem, perceived social support, and coping strategy: A prospective study of depressive symptomatology across the transition to college. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33(6), 560-585.
Lewis, T. T., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2015). Self-reported experiences of discrimination and health: scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 407-440.
Lim, A. Y., Lee, S. H., Jeon, Y., Yoo, R., & Jung, H. Y. (2018). Job-seeking stress, mental health problems, and the role of perceived social support in university graduates in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 33(19), e149-e162.
Loveless, M. (2013). The deterioration of democratic political culture: Consequences of the perception of inequality. Social Justice Research, 26(4), 471-491.
Lu, L., & Argyle, M. (1992). Receiving and giving support: Effects on relationships and well-being. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 5(2), 123-133.
Milner, A., Currier, D., LaMontagne, A. D., Spittal, M. J., & Pirkis, J. (2017). Psychosocial job stressors and thoughts about suicide among males: A cross-sectional study from the first wave of the ten to men cohort. Public Health, 147, 72-76.
Min, J. Y., Park, S. G., Kim, S. S., & Min, K. B. (2014). Workplace injustice and self-reported disease and absenteeism in South Korea. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 57(1), 87-96.
Möller-Leimkühler, A. M. (2003). The gender gap in suicide and premature death or: Why are men so vulnerable?. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 253(1), 1-8.
Mulia, N., Ye, Y., Zemore, S. E., & Greenfield, T. K. (2008). Social disadvantage, stress, and alcohol use among Black, Hispanic, and White Americans: Findings from the 2005 US National Alcohol Survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(6), 824-833.
Nanayakkara, S., Misch, D., Chang, L., & Henry, D. (2013). Depression and exposure to suicide predict suicide attempt. Depression and Anxiety, 30(10), 991-996.
Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Beautrais, A., Bruffaerts, R., Chiu, W. T., de Girolamo, G., Gluzman. S., de Graaf, R., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Huang, Y., Karam, E., Kessler, R. C., Lepine, J. P., Levinson, D., Medina-Mora, M. E., Ono, Y., Posada-Villa, J., & Williams, D. (2008). Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192(2), 98-105.
Okamoto, M., Kawakami, N., Kido, Y., & Sakurai, K. (2013). Social capital and suicide: An ecological study in Tokyo, Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 18, 306-312.
Otto, K., Boos, A., Dalbert, C., Schops, D., & Hoyer, J. (2006). Posttraumatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety of flood victims: The impact of the belief in a just world. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(5), 1075-1084.
Pabayo, R., Dunn, E. C., Gilman, S. E., Kawachi, I., & Molnar, B. E. (2016). Income inequality within urban settings and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(10), 997-1003.
Park, S., Sulaiman, A. H., Srisurapanont, M., Chang, S. M., Liu, C. Y., Bautista, D., Ge, L., Chua, H. C., & Hong, J. P. (2015). The association of suicide risk with negative life events and social support according to gender in Asian patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 228(3), 277-282.
Pinel, E. C. (1999). Stigma consciousness: The psychological legacy of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 114-128.
Poudel-Tandukar, K., Nanri, A., Mizoue, T., Matsushita, Y., Takahashi, Y., Noda, M., Inoue, M., & Tsugane, S. (2011). Social support and suicide in Japanese men and women-The Japan Public Health Center (JPHC)-based prospective study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(12), 1545-1550.
Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2010). The relation of perceived and received social support to mental health among first respondents: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(3), 403-417.
Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185-227.
Reevy, G. M., & Maslach, C. (2001). Use of social support: Gender and personality differences. Sex Roles, 44(7-8), 437-459.
Robbins, J. M., Ford, M. T., & Tetrick, L. E. (2012). Perceived unfairness and employee health: A meta-analytic integration. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2), 235-272.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological, well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
Scholten, S., Velten, J., & Margraf, J. (2018). Mental distress and perceived wealth, justice and freedom across eight countries: The invisible power of the macrosystem. Plos One, 13(5), 1-20.
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., ..., & Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22-33.
Sheih, G. (2011). Clarifying the role of mean centering in multicollinearity of interaction effects. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 64(3), 462-477.
Sheppard, M. (2002). Mental health and social justice: Gender, race and psychological consequences of unfairness. British Journal of Social Work, 32(6), 779-797.
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. W. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of Prime-MD: The PHQ primary care study. JAMA, 282(18), 1737-1744.
Sullivan, M. J., Scott, W., & Trost, Z. (2012). Perceived injustice: A risk factor for problematic pain outcomes. Clinical Journal of Pain, 28(6), 484-488.
Van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. M., Sarchiapone, M., Postuvan, V., Volker, D., Roskar, S., Grum, A. T., Carli, V., McDaid, D., O’Connor, R., Maxwell, M., Ibelshäuser, A., Van Audenhove, C., Scheerder, G., Sisask, M., Gusmão, R., & Hegerl, U. (2011). Best practice elements of multilevel suicide prevention strategies. Crisis, 32, 319-333.
Wang, X., Cai, L., Qian, J., & Peng, J. (2014). Social support moderates stress effects on depression. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 8, 41-45.
Wickham, S., Shryane, N., Lyons, M., Dickins, T., & Bentall, R. (2014). Why does relative deprivation affect mental health? The role of justice, trust and social rank in psychological wellbeing and paranoid ideation. Journal of Public Mental Health, 13(2), 114-126.
World Health Organization. (2014). Social determinants of mental health. https://www.who.int/mental_health/publications/gulbenkian_paper_social_determinants_of_mental_health/en/에서 2018, 10, 02 자료 얻음.
Zhang, J., & Tao, M. (2013). Relative deprivation and psychopathology of Chinese college students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(3), 903-907.
