본 연구에서는 성인애착의 두 차원과 Young의 부적응 도식 중 단절 및 거절 영역의 하위 도식들을 조합했을 때 어떤 자연 발생적인 군집들이 형성되는지 살펴보았다. 또한 형성된 군집들이 우울, 불안 및 대인관계문제에서 차이가 있는지를 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 총 507명의 대학생들을 대상으로 군집분석을 실시하였으며, 그 결과 네 집단으로 분류되는 것으로 나타났다. ‘불안정애착-단절거절도식 집단’은 성인애착과 단절 및 거절 영역의 도식 점수가 모두 높게 나타났고, ‘불안애착-유기불안정도식 집단’은 애착불안 수준은 높지만 애착회피 수준은 낮으며 단절 및 거절 영역 중 유기/불안정 도식의 점수가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 반면 ‘회피애착-저유기불안정도식 집단’은 애착불안의 수준은 낮지만 애착회피의 수준은 높으며, 유기/불안정 도식의 점수가 불안정애착-단절거절도식 집단과 불안애착-유기불안정도식 집단에 비해 낮게 나타났다. 마지막으로, ‘안정애착-저단절거절도식 집단’은 성인애착과 단절 및 거절 영역의 도식 점수가 모두 낮게 나타났다. 한편, 우울과 불안 수준은 불안정애착-단절거절도식 집단과 불안애착-유기불안정도식 집단이 다른 집단들에 비해 높은 것으로 드러났고, 대인관계문제 수준은 불안정애착-단절거절도식 집단이 가장 높고 안정애착-저단절거절도식 집단이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 상담실제 및 후속연구에 대한 시사점을 논하였다.
This study explored groupings of individuals according to their levels of adult attachment and disconnection/rejection schemas. We also examined groups differences in depression, anxiety, and interpersonal problems. A cluster analysis with a sample of college students (N = 507) indicated four separable groups of participants. The ‘insecure attachment-disconnection/rejection schemas group’ scored highest on attachment dimensions and disconnection/rejection schemas. The ‘anxiety attachment- abandonment/instability schema group’ showed high scores on attachment anxiety and abandonment/ instability schema. The ‘avoidance attachment-low abandonment/instability schema group’ exhibited high scores on attachment avoidance but a low level of abandonment/instability schema. The ‘secure attachment-low disconnection/rejection schemas group’ showed the lowest levels of attachment dimensions and disconnection/rejection schemas. The first and second groups were higher on depression and anxiety than the other groups, whereas the first group showed the highest levels of interpersonal problems. Limitations of the current study and implications to counseling practice and future research are discussed.
김광일, 김재환, 원호택 (1984). 간이정신진단검사 실시요강. 서울: 중앙적성출판부.
김성현 (2004). 친밀 관계 경험 검사 개정판 타당화 연구: 확증적 요인분석과 문항 반응 이론을 중심으로. 서울대학교 석사학위논문.
김시연, 서영석 (2008). 부적응 도식과 일상적 스트레스가 결혼만족에 미치는 영향: 지각된 부부 지지의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 20(4), 1243-1265.
김영혜 (2005). 상담에서 도식의 이해와 적용. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 17(4), 751-768.
김은정, 김진숙 (2010). 아동기 외상과 초기 성인기 우울수준과의 관계: 초기부적응도식과 정서표현양가성 및 회피대처방식의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 22(3), 605-630.
문현미 (2005). 인지행동치료의 제 3 동향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 17(1), 5-33.
박장희, 조윤주 (2006). 대학생들의 낭만적 애착과 대인관계문제에 관한 연구. 대한가정학회지, 44(7), 113-124.
안하얀, 서영석 (2010a). 성인애착과 심리적 디스트레스, 대인관계문제: 피드백에 대한 반응, 정서적 대처, 사회적 지지 추구의 매개효과 검증. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 22(3), 575-603.
안하얀, 서영석 (2010b). Young의 단절 및 거절 도식, 부정적 기분, 대인관계문제: 정서적 과민반응과 정서적 단절의 매개효과 검증. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 29(4), 847-865.
이미열 (2006). 청소년기 애착과 우울증과의 관계: 초기 부적응 도식의 매개효과를 중심으로. 아주대학교 석사학위논문.
임규혁 (1997). 간이정신진단검사(SCL-90-R)의 심리측정학적 재조명: 확인적 요인분석을 중심으로. 교육심리연구, 11(1), 157-189.
장휘숙 (1997). 애착의 전생애 모델과 대물림: 전생애 발달심리학적 조망에서 애착연구의 개관. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 16(1), 80- 97.
조화진, 서영석 (2010). 부모애착, 분리-개별화, 성인애착, 대학생활적응, 심리적 디스트레스의 관계 - 대학신입생을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 22(2), 385- 411.
최상진, 김기범 (1999). 한국문화적 심리치료접근으로서의 심정치료. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 11(2), 1-17.
홍상황, 박은영, 김영환, 권정혜, 조용래, 진유경 (2002). 한국형 대인관계문제 검사 원형척도의 단축형(KIIP-SC) 구성. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 21(4), 923-940.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachment beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44(4), 709-716.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244.
Borgen, F. H., & Barnett, D. C. (1987). Applying cluster analysis in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(4), 456-468.
Bosmans, G., Braet, C., & Van Vlierberghe, L. (2010). Attachment and symptoms of psychopathology: Early maladaptive schemas as a cognitive link? Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 17(5), 374-385.
Bowlby, J. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds: 1. Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory. British Journal Psychiatry, 130(3), 201-210.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. London: Routledge.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford Press.
Calvete, E., Estevez, A., Lopez, E., & Ruiz, P. (2005). The Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: Structure and relationship with automatic thoughts and symptoms of affective disorders. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 90-99.
Collins, N. L. (1996). Working model of attachment: Implication for explanation, emotion, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(4), 810-832.
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1994). Cognitive representation of attachment: The structure and functon of working models. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships: Vol. 5. Attachment processes in adulthood (pp. 53-90). London: Jessica Kingsley.
Crawford, E., & Wright, M. O. (2007). The impact of childhood psychological maltreatment on interpersonal schemas and subsequent experiences of relationship aggression. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 7(2), 93-116.
Derogatis, L. R. (1977). The SCL-90 manual: Scoring, administration and procedures for the SCL-90. Baltimre: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Clinical Psychometrics Unit.
Devine, P. G. (1989). Streotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5-18.
Feeney, J. A. (1998). Adult attachment and relationship-centered anxiety. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 189-218). New York: Guilford Press.
Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1997). Adult attachment and the suppression of unwanted thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(5), 1080-1091.
Fraley, R. C., & Waller, N. G. (1998). Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 77-114). New York: Guilford Press.
Fraley, R. C., Waller N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350-365.
Guardia, J. G. L., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(3), 367-384.
Hair, J. H. Jr., & Black, W. C. (2000). Cluster analysis. In Grimm, L.G. and Yarnold, P. R. (Ed.), Reading and understanding more multivariate statistics. American Psychological Association (pp. 147-205). Washinton DC: American Psychological Association.
Hamilton, C. E. (2000). Continuity and discontinuity of attachment from infancy through adolescence. Child Development, 71(3), 690-694.
Holmes, J. (2005). 존 볼비와 애착이론 (이경숙 역). 서울: 학지사. (원전 1993 출판).
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.
John, J. C., Mark, B., & Tracy, P. (2008). Exploring the relationships among early maladaptive schemas, psychological mindedness and self-reported college adjustment. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 81(1), 105-118.
Katherine, D. D., & Brent, M. (2009). Experienced therapists’ approach to psychotherapy for adults with attachment avoidance or attachment anxiety. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(4), 549-563.
Levy, K. N., Blatt, S. J., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment styles and parental representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 407-419.
Lopez, F. G. (1996). Attachment-related predictors of constructive thinking among college students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 75(1), 58-63.
Lopez, F. G., & Gormley, B. (2002). Stability and change in adult attachment style over the first-year college transition: Relations to self-confidence, coping, and distress patterns. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 355-364.
Lopez, F. G., Gover, M. R., Leskela, J., Sauer, E. M., Schirmer, L., & Wyssmann, J. (1997). Attachment styles, shame, guilt, and collaborative problem-solving orientations. Personal Relationships, 4(2), 187-199.
Lopez, F. G., Mitchell, P., & Gormley, B. (2002). Adult attachment orientations and college student distress: Test of a mediational model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(4), 460-467.
Mason, O., Platts, H., & Tyson, M. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas and adult attachment in a UK clinical population. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 78(4), 549-564.
Messman-Moore, T. L., & Coates, A. A. (2007). The impact of childhood psychological abuse on adult interpersonal conflict: The role of early maladaptive schemas and patterns of interpersonal behavior. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 7(2), 75-92.
Mettler, C. A., & Vannatta, R. A. (2001). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation. Los Angeles, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.
Mikulincer, M. (1995). Attachment style and the mental representation of the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1203-1215.
Mikulincer, M. (1997). Adult attachment style and information processing: Individual differences in curiosity and cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(5), 1217-1230.
MiKulincer, M. (1998). Attachment working models and the sense of trust: An exploration of interaction goals and affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1209-1224.
Mikulincer, M., & Arad, D. (1999). Attachment working model and cognitive openness in close relationships: A test of chronic and temporary accessibility effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(4), 710-725.
Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1998). The relationship between adult attachment styles and emotional and cognitive reactions to stressful events. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 143-165). New York: Guilford Press.
Mikulincer, M., & Orbach, I. (1995). Attachment styles and repressive defensiveness: The accessibility and architecture of affective memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(5), 917-925.
Morgan, C. D., Wiederman, M. W., & Magnus, R. D. (1998). Discriminant validity of the SCL-90 dimensions of anxiety and depression. Assessment, 5(2), 197-201.
Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225-240.
Nordahl, H. M., Holthe, H., & Haugum, J. A. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas in patients with or without personality disorders: Does schema modification predict symptomatic relief? Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 12(2), 142-149.
Pistole, M. C. (1996). After love: Attachment styles and grief themes. The Family Journal, 4(3), 199-207.
Raque-Bogdan, T. L., Ericson, S. K., Jackson, J., Martin, H. M., & Bryan, N. A. (2011). Attachment and mental and physical health: self-compassion and mattering as mediators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(2), 272-278.
Rutter, M., & Quinton, D. (1984). Long-term follow-up of women institutionalized in childhood: Factors promoting good functioning in adult life. British Journal of Developmental Psycology, 2(3), 191-204.
Ryan, R. M., Stiller, J., & Lynch, J. H. (1994). Representations of relationships to teachers, parents, and friends as predictors of academic motivation and self-esteem. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14(2), 226-249.
Sagi, A., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Scharf, M., Korean-Karie, N., Joels, T., & Mayseless, O. (1994). Stability and discriminant validity of the Adult Attachment Interview: A psychometric study in young Israeli adults. Developmental Psychology, 30(5), 771-777.
Sarfran, J. D., & Segal, Z. V. (1990). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Scharfe, E., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Reliability and stability of adult attachment patterns. Personal Relationships, 1(1), 23-43.
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002). Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment and Human Development, 4(2), 133-161.
van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 387-403.
Wei, M., Vogel, D. L., Ku, T. Y., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, affect regulation, negative mood, and interpersonal problems: The mediating roles of emotional reactivity and emotional cutoff. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(1), 14-24.
Welburn, K., Coristine, M., Dagg, P., Pontefract, A., & Jordan, S. (2002). The Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: Factor analysis and relationship between schemas and symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(4), 519–530.
Woodhouse, S. S., & Gelso, C. J. (2008). Volunteer client adult attachment, memory for in-session emotion, and mood awareness: An affect regulation perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(2), 197-208.
Wright, M. O., Crawford, E., & Del Castillo, D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse Neglect, 33(1), 59-68.
Young, J. E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema focused approach. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange, Inc.
Young, J. E. (1998). Young Schema Questionnaire: Short Form. (1st ed.). New York: Cognitive Therapy Center.
Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1994). Young Schema Questionnaire. In J. E. Young (Ed.), Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (2nd ed., pp. 63-76). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2005). 심리도식치료 (권석만, 김진숙, 서수균, 주리애, 유성진, 이지영 역). 서울: 학지사. (원전 2003 출판).
