ISSN : 1229-0688
본 연구의 목적은 수치심 경험 척도(Experience of Shame Scale)를 번안하고 한국판 ESS(이하 K-ESS)의 요인구조, 신뢰도 및 타당도를 조사하는 것이다. 대학생 및 대학원생 총 200명을 대상으로 K-ESS를 포함한 질문지를 실시하였다. 탐색적 요인분석 결과, 21개 문항에서 4개의 하위 요인을 가진 요인구조가 확인되었다. 4개의 요인은 각각 ‘성격적 수치심’, ‘신체적 수치심’, ‘실패 경험 수치심’, ‘행동적 수치심’으로 명명하였으며 척도 총 변량의 53.63%를 설명하였다. 새로운 표본 248명을 대상으로 확인적 요인 분석을 실시한 결과, 다중상관지수가 .40 이하인 3개의 문항을 제거한 후 모델의 적합 지수가 수용 가능한 것으로 나타났으며 총 18개 문항을 최종으로 확정하였고 내적 신뢰도는 .89로 양호한 수준이었다. K-ESS의 수렴 타당도를 확인하기 위하여 타 척도와의 상관분석을 실시해 본 결과 내면화된 수치심 척도, 상태 수치심 및 죄책감 척도와 유의한 정적 상관을 보이며, 역상관이 예측되는 자존감 척도와 유의한 부적 상관을 보여 수렴 타당도가 양호하였다. 또한 수치심 경험 척도와 우울, 불안 척도의 유의미한 상관이 도출되었다. 끝으로 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 의의와 추후의 연구 방향에 대한 제안점이 논의되었다.
The purpose of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Experience of Shame Scale(K-ESS). The questionnaires including K-ESS were administered to 200 undergraduate and graduate students. Exploratory factor analysis showed a four factor structure with 21 items - “characteristic shame”, “bodily shame”, “shame of experience of failure” and “behavioral shame”. 4 factors explained 53.63% of total variance of inventory. Based on the results of confirmatory factor analysis with new respondents(N=248), 18 items were chosen as final items and the fit of the four-factor model were appropriate(Cronbach’s alpha: .89). The K-ESS was found to have appropriate convergent validity with positive correlations with ISS and, SSGS and negative correlations with RSES. Additionally K-ESS exhibited significant correlation with BDI and, STAI. In considering all results, K-ESS is expected to be used for exploration of relationship of shame and various psychological symptoms. limitations and issues are discussed.
구난희 (2011). 新명문고 열풍으로 본 한국 교육 경쟁의 구조와 특징. 정신문화연구, 34(3), 60-88.
남기숙, 조선미, 이훈진 (2005). 한국어 단어를기초로 한 수치심 척도의 개발 및 타당화연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 25(4), 1063-1085.
박경순 (2011). 수치심(Shame)과 자기애의 정신분석적 이해. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 30(3), 889-907.
손은정 (2007). 공적 자기의식, 신체에 대한 감시, 신체에 대한 수치심이 섭식 행동에미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 19(3), 735-750.
송수민 (2008). 수치심경향성과 죄책감경향성의 심리적 특성 비교. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 20(1), 125-144.
이영호, 송종용 (1991). BDI, SDS, MMPI-D 척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 10(1), 98-113.
이인숙, 최해림 (2005). 내면화된 수치심 척도(ISS)의 타당화 연구-애착, 과민성 자기애, 외로움과의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및심리치료, 17(3), 651-670
이훈진, 원호택 (1995). 편집증 척도의 신뢰도, 타당도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 14(1), 83-94.
임은지 (2010). 실패 후 성인의 귀인 양식에 따른아동의 수치심 및 죄책감 상태와 행동 경향성. 가톨릭대학교 일반대학원 석사학위논문.
조효진 (2008). 수치심 경험이 우울에 미치는 영향-인지적 대처 전략의 매개효과를 중심으로. 가톨릭대학교 일반대학원 석사학위논문.
한덕웅, 이창호, 탁진국 (1993). Spielberger 상태-특성 불안 검사의 표준화. 한국심리학회연차학술발표논문집, 505-512.
홍세희 (2000). 구조방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거. 한국심리학회지:임상, 19(1), 161-177.
Adler, A. (1933). Advantages and disadvantages of the inferiority feeling. In H. L. Ansbacher &R. R. Ansbacher (Eds.), Superiority and social interest: A collection of Alfred Adler’s later writings. New York: Norton.
Andrews, B., Qian, M., & Valentine. J. D. (2002). Predicting depressive symptoms with a new measure of shame: The experience of shame scale. British Journal of Psychology, 41, 29-42.
Broucek, F. J. (1982). Shame and its relationship to early narcissistic developments. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 63, 369-378.
Byrne, B. M. (1998). Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL, PRELIS and SIMPLIS: Basic Concepts, Applications and Programming. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Campos, J. J. (1995). Foreward. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions:The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. ix-xi). New York: Guilford.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum
Cook, D. R. (2001). Internalized shame scale:Technical manual. NY: Multi Health System Inc.
Fergus, T. A., Valentiner, D. P., McGrath, P. B., & Jencius, S. (2010). Shame and guilt proneness: Relationships with anxiety disorder symptoms in a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 811-815.
Ferguson, T. J., Stegge, H., & Damhuis, I. (1991). Children’s understanding of guilt and shame. Child Development, 62(4), 827-839.
Fischer, K. W., & Tangney, J. P. (1995). Self-conscious emotions and the affect revolution: Framework and overview. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 3-24). New York:Guilford.
Freud, S. (1905). Three Essays on the theory of sexuality. Standard Edition, 7, 121-245
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
Kaufman, G. (1989). The psychology of shame: Theory and treatment of shame-based syndromes. New York: Springer Publishing Company Inc.
Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011). Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 68-96.
Kohut, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self. New York: International Universities Press.
Kohut, H. (1972). Thoughts on narcissism and narcissistic rage. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 27, 360-390.
Lansky, M. R. (1999). Shame and the idea of a central affect. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 19, 347-361.
Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
Mann, M. (2010). Shame veiled and unveiled: The shame effect and its re-emergence in the clinical setting. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 70, 270-281.
Marschall, D., Sanfter, J., & Tangney, J. P. (1994). The State Shame and Guilt Scale. George Mason University, Fairfax, VA.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York:McGraw-Hill.
O’Conner, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, &Computer, 32, 396-402.
Piers, G., & Singer, M. B. (1953/1971). Shame. In H. Morris (Ed.), Guilt and Shame. Belmont:Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton. NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rüsch, N., Lieb, K., Göttler, I., Hermann, C., Schramm, E., Richter, H., Jacob, G. A., Corrigan, P. W., & Bohus, M. (2007). Shame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 500-508.
Sandquist, K., Grenyer, B. F. S., & Caputi, P. (2009). The relation of early environmental experience to shame and self-criticism:Psychological pathways to depression. The Australian Psychology Society, Proceeding of the 44th APS Annual Conference, 161-166. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1394&context=hbspapers에서 2013, 10, 17자료 얻음.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologist Press.
Street, A. E., & Arias, I. (2001). Psychological abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder in battered women: Examining the roles of shame and guilt. Violence and Victims, 16, 65-78.
Sugarman, A. (1995). Psychoanalysis: Treatment of Conflict or Deficit? Psychoanalytic Psychology, 12(1), 55-70.
Tangney, J. P. (1996). Conceptual and methodological issues in the assessment of shame and guilt. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 34, 741-754.
Tangney, J. P., Burggraf, S. A., & Wagner, P. E. (1995) Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness and psychological symptoms. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: the psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride (pp. 343-367). New York: Guilford Publications.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., & Gramzow, R. (1989). The test of self-conscious affect(TOSCA). George Mason University, Fair Fax, VA.
Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1256-1269.
Willick, M. S. (1994). Working with Conflict and Deficit in Borderline and Narcissistic Patients. Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis, 3, 377-393.
