본 연구의 목적은 자아존중감 수준이 가장 쉽게 변할 수 있는 시기인 청소년을 대상으로 기질적 요소와 상황-특수적 요인이 자아존중감의 변화를 어느 정도 설명하는지 살펴보고, 중고등학생 간 차이를 비교하는데 있다. 이를 위해 수도권 학교에 재학 중인 중고등학생 750명에게 Rosenberg 자아존중감 척도를 3개월 간격으로 3차례에 걸쳐 배포하고, 이 중 710명의 자료를 잠재 상태-특성 모형을 적용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 중학생의 자아존중감은 기질적 특성에 의하여 약 55%가 설명되고, 나머지 45%는 상황-특수적인 원인에 의하여 설명되는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 고등학생의 자아존중감은 기질적인 성향에 의해 약 68%, 나머지 32%는 상황-특수적인 요인에 의해 설명되는 것으로 나타났다. 두 집단을 비교했을 때 고등학생들의 자아존중감이 기질적인 성향에 의하여 설명되는 정도가 중학생들에 비하여 적게는 5.3%에서 많게는 10.6% 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 학교급에 따른 차이를 다집단 분석을 통해 검증한 결과 그 차이가 통계적으로 유의함을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 의의 및 상담에 주는 시사점을 논의하였다.
The purpose of this study was to explore the degree to which individual differences on self-esteem change in adolescents depended on trait effects versus situation-specific effects. 750 students from middle and high school completed Rosenberg self-esteem scale three times across 3 months intervals and data from 710 students was analyzed by a latent state-trait model. As the result, 55% of self-esteem in middle school students was explained by a trait factor and 45% of self-esteem was by a situation-specific factor. In case of high school students, 68% of self-esteem was explained by a trait factor and 32% of self-esteem was by a situation-specific factor. These results indicate that middle school students tend to experience more fluctuation in their self-esteem than high school students. Clinical implications with regard to the current findings are discussed.
강민철, 조현주, 이종선 (2013). 우울, 불안, 수치심, 자살사고에 대한 잠재프로파일분석. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 25(4), 873-896.
권경인, 조수연 (2013). 청소년 스트레스 감소및 대처 집단상담 프로그램의 효과에 관한 메타분석. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 25(1), 41-62.
김문주 (1990). 시험불안도와 그에 영향을 미치는 사회심리적 요인에 관한 연구: 시험불안 측정을 위한 도구개발과정을 중심으로. 교육심리연구, 4(1), 91-111.
박승민 (2009). 청소년 인터넷 중독 집단상담프로그램의 효과에 대한 메타분석. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 21(3), 607-623.
여지영, 박태영 (2013). 청소년의 자살생각에관한 연구: 회복탄력성과 자아존중감에대한 매개효과를 중심으로. 청소년학연구, 20(8), 121-145.
이경희, 윤미현 (2011). 청소년의 부모요인, 친구애착 및 자아존중감과 진로성숙도와의관계. 한국가족복지학, 16(1), 175-199.
이민선, 채규만 (2012). 대학생의 자아존중감이대인관계능력에 미치는 영향: 정서조절방략의 매개 효과. 인지행동치료, 12(1), 63-75.
이은희, 최태산, 서미정 (2000). 남녀 청소년들의 우울에 미치는 학교 스트레스, 자아존중감, 부모-자녀 의사소통 및 부모의 내재적 지원의 효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및심리치료, 12(2), 69-84.
이자영, 남숙경, 최보영, 이지희, 박양민, 이상민 (2009). 문화차에 의해 발생한 심리검사 문항의 번역 오류: Rosenberg의 자아존중감 척도 8번 문항의 수정을 중심으로. 상담학연구, 10(3), 1345-1358.
정병삼 (2010). 부모-자녀애착과 부모지도감독이 청소년의 자아존중감 변화에 미치는종단적 영향. 한국청소년연구, 21(4), 5-30.
최미례, 이인혜 (2003). 스트레스와 우울의 관계에 대한 자아존중감의 중재효과와 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 22(2), 363-383.
허영림, 윤혜진 (1999). 아버지의 심리적 특성요인과 양육 행동에 관한 연구: 결혼 만족도, 직업 만족도, 자아 존중감, 부친의양육성 지각을 중심으로. 열린교육연구, 4(2), 145-157.
Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., & Johnston, J. J. (1978). Youth in transition; Vol 6. Adolescence to adulthood-A study of change and stability in the lives of young men. Ann Arbor, MI:Institute for Social Research.
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44.
Bentler, P. M. (2005). EQS: structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
Benyamini, Y., Leventhal, H., & Leventhal, E. A. (2004). Self-rated oral health as an independent predictor of self-rated general health, self esteem and life satisfaction. Social Science and Medicine, 59(5), 1109-1116.
Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 115-160). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Block, J. H., Gjerde, P. F., & Block, J. H. (1991). Personality antecedents of depressive tendencies in 18-year-olds: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 726-738.
Browne, M. W. (1982). Covariance structures. In Hawkins (Ed.), Topics in applied multivariate analysis (pp. 72-141). Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press,
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA:Sage Publication.
Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York, NY: Routledge.
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255.
Christie-Mizell, C. A., Ida, A. K., & Keith, V. M. (2010). African American and physical health:The consequences of self-esteem and happiness. Journal of Black Studies, 40(6), 1189-1211.
Crook, R. H., Healy, C. C., & O'Shea, D. W. (1984). The linkage of work achievement to self-esteem, career maturity, and college achievement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 25(1), 70-79.
Demo, D. H. (1992). The self-concept over time:Research issues and directions. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 303-326.
Finch, J. F., West, S. G., & Mackinnon, D. P. (1997). Effects of sample size and nonnormality on the estimation of mediated effect in latent variable models. Structural Equation Modeling, 4(2), 87-105.
Ford, J., MacCallum, R., & Tait, M. (1986). The application of factor analysis in applied psychology: A critical review and analysis. Personnel Psychology, 39(2), 291-314.
Geiser, C. (2013). Data analysis with Mplus. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Helson, R., & Moane, G. (1987). Personality change in women from college to midlife. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(6), 895-910.
Hendrick, S. S., Hendrick, C., & Adler, N. L. (1988). Romantic relationships: Love, satisfaction, and staying together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 980-988.
Holt, J. K. (2004). Item parceling in structural equation models for optimum solution. Paper presented at the 2004 annual meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, Columbus, OH.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis:Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
Huang, C. (2010). Mean-level change in self-esteem from childhood through adulthood:Meta-analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Review of General Psychology, 14(3), 251-260.
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits-self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability-with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(2), 237-249.
Kauermann, G., & Carroll, R. J. (2001). A note on the efficiency of sandwich covariance matrix estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 96(456), 1387-1396.
Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14(1), 1-26.
Kernis, M. H. (2005). Measuring self-esteem in context: The importance of stability of self-esteem in psychological functioning. Journal of Personality, 73(6), 1569-1605.
Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Barclay, L. C. (1992). Stability of self-esteem: Assessment, correlates, and excuse making. Journal of Personality, 60(3), 621-644.
Kernis, M. H., Lakey, C. E., & Heppner, W. L. (2008). Secure versus fragile high self-esteem as a predictor of verbal defensiveness:Converging findings across three different markers. Journal of Personality, 76(3), 477-512.
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low:The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(6), 1190-1204.
Kernis, M. H., Paradise, A.. W., Whitaker, D. J., Wheatman, S. R., & Goldman, B. N. (2000). Master of one's psychological domain? Not likely if one's self-esteem is unstable. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(10), 1297-1305.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY:Gulford Press.
Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Roesch, S. C. (2004). Pathways to self-esteem in late adolescence:the role of parent and peer attachment, empathy, and social behaviours. Journal of Adolescence, 27(6), 703-716.
Lakey, B., Tardiff, T. A., & Drew, J. B. (1994). Negative social interactions: Assessment and relations to social support, cognition, and psychological distress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13(1), 42-62.
Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1-62). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Matsunaga, M. (2008). Item parceling in structural equation modeling: A primer. Communication Methods and Measures, 2(4), 260-293.
Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (2000). Self-esteem and the quest for felt security: How perceived regard regulates attachment processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3), 478-498.
Nottleman, E. D. (1987). Competence and self-esteem during transition from childhood to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 19(2), 257-268.
O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (1983). Self-esteem: Change and stability between ages 13 and 23. Developmental Psychology, 19(2), 257-268.
Orcan, F. (2013). Use of item parceling in structural equation modeling with missing data. Doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Roberts, B. W. (2008). Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3), 695-708.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Widman, K. F. (2012). Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1271-1288.
Pelham, B. W., & Swann, W. B. (1989). From self-conception to self-worth: On the sources and structure of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(4), 672-680.
Reinherz, H. Z., Giaconia, R. M., Pakiz, B., & Silverman, A. B. (1993). Psychological Risks for major depression in late adolescence: A longitudinal community study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(6), 1155-1163.
Roberts, J. E., & Monroe, S. M. (1992). Vulnerable self-esteem and depressive symptoms: Prospective findings comparing three alternative conceptualizations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(5), 804-812.
Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., Tracy, J. L., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2002). Global self-esteem across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 17(3), 423-434.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rubin, R. A. (1978). Stability of self-esteem ratings and their relation to academic achievement: A longitudinal study. Psychology in the Schools, 15(3), 430-433.
Schackelford, T. K. (2001). Self-esteem in marriage. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(3), 371-390.
Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, P. (2005). A latent state-trait analysis of implicit and explixit personality measures. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 100-107.
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis. New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
Steyer, R., Schmitt, M., & Eid, M. (1999). Latent state-trait theory and research in personality and individual differences. European Journal of Personality, 13(5), 389-408.
Steyer, R., Schwenkmezger, P., & Auer, A. (1990). The emotional and cognitive components of trait anxiety: A latent state-trait model. Personality and Individual Differences, 11(2), 125-134.
Stinson, D. A., Logel, C., Zanna, M. P., Holmes, J. G., Cameron, J. J., Wood, J. V., & Spencer, S. J. (2008). The cost of lower self-esteem: Testing a self and social bonds model of health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(3), 412-428.
Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2003). Stability of self esteem across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 205-220.
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 3(2), 231-251.
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2001). Age and birth cohort differences in self-esteem: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(1), 59-71.
Voss, K., Markiewicz, D., & Doyle, A. B. (1999). Friendship, marriage, and self-esteem. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 16(1), 103-122.
Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012). Structural equation modeling: Applications using Mplus: Applications using Mplus. Wet Sussex, England: Wiley &Sons Publication.
White, H. (1982). Maximum likelihood estimation of misspecified models. Econometrica, 50(1), 1-25.
Williams, E. B. (1979). The Scribner-Bantam English dictionary. New York, NY: Bantam Book.
Wylie, R. C. (1979). The self-concept. Lincoln, NE:University of Nebraska Press.
