ISSN : 1229-0688
본 연구에서는 정신건강전문가들의 간접 트라우마 관리에 유용한 전략들을 다각적으로 평가할 수 있는 도구(Secondary Trauma Care Inventory, STCI)를 개발하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구의 전문가 집단이 문헌 연구를 통해 예비 도구의 영역(신체적 조절, 주도적 관계자원 활용, 심리적 경계설정, 의미추구, 그 외 심리적 균형 조절, 기관 간접 트라우마 관리)과 예비 문항들을 개발하였다. 이후 본 연구의 주요 도구들을 포함한 설문을 489명의 정신건강전문가들에게 실시하고 직무 수행 과정에서 간접 트라우마 경험이 있는 정신건강전문가 435명의 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 문항 분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 확인적 요인분석 결과, 그 외 심리적 균형 조절 요인이 제외되면서 최종 STCI는 5요인 구조이면서 신뢰도와 타당도를 지님을 확인하였다. 또한 개인차원과 기관차원 각각의 총점에 근거하여 절단점수를 산출하고 절단점수의 타당도를 함께 확인하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 주요 결과를 토대로 연구의 의의와 STCI의 활용 제안, 본 연구의 제한점에 대해서도 함께 논의하였다.
The present study aimed to develop the Secondary Trauma Care Inventory(STCI), an instrument for assessing multidimensional secondary trauma care strategies of mental health professionals. Following the literature review, 489 mental health professionals were recruited, and 435 professionals with work-related secondary trauma were selected to generate items and dimensions (physical regulation, proactive social resourcing, psychological boundary setting, meaning making, other psychological regulation, and organizational secondary trauma management). Item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis showed five-factor structure, good reliabilities, and validities. Cut-off scores were calculated and based on the total scores of both the personal and organizational dimensions and validities were obtained. Results and restrictions of the present study were discussed.
김광일, 김재환, 원호택 (1984). 간이정신진단검사 실시 요강. 서울: 중앙적성출판사.
박윤미, 윤혜미 (2011). 외상생존자와 일하는사회복지사의 소진에 대한 역할갈등, 업무부담과 이차적 외상 스트레스 및 자기효능감의 영향. 한국아동복지학, 36, 289-322.
안현의 (2005). 청소년의 심리적 외상에 관한탐색적 연구: 외상 후 스트레스 증상과성격 특성을 중심으로. 상담학 연구, 17, 217-231.
안현의, 이나빈, 주혜선 (2013). 한국판 인지적정서조절전략 척도(K-CERQ)의 타당화. 상담학연구, 14. 1773-1794.
안현의, 한민희, 주혜선 (2013). 외상 후 스트레스 장애의 인지-기억 체계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 25, 111-133.
유성경, 박성호 (2002). 상담환경의 위험요소, 지각된 사회적 지지가 상담자의 심리적소진에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담및 심리치료, 14, 389-400.
이미혜, 성승연 (2014). 상담자들의 대리외상:개관연구. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 33, 109-137.
이인숙, 하정미 (2008). 정신보건사회복지사의상담 경험에 관한 연구. 정신보건과 사회사업, 28, 96-125.
전겸구, 최상진, 양병창 (2001). 통합적 한국판CES-D 개발. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 6, 59-76.
주혜선, 심기선, 안현의 (2015). 침습적 외상 기억과 외상관련 정서의 종단 관계 연구:외상 후 6개월 이상 경과된 대학생을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 34, 159-183.
홍세희 (2000). 구조 방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거. 한국 심리학회지:임상, 19(1), 161-177.
American Counseling Association (2003). ACA taskforce on counselor wellness and impairment. http://www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/counselor-wellness에서 2015, 2, 15, 인출.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Bercier, M. L., & Maynard, B. R. (2015). Interventions for secondary traumatic stress with mental health workers: A systematic review. Research on Social Work Practice, 25, 81-89.
Bober, T., Regehr, C., & Zhou, Y. R. (2006). Development of the coping strategies inventory for trauma counselors. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11, 71-83.
Boscarino, J. A., Figley, C. R., & Adams, R. E. (2004). Compassion fatigue following the September 11 terrorist attacks: A study of secondary trauma among New York City social workers. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 6, 57.
Bride, B. E., Robinson, M. M., Yegidis, B., & Figley, C. R. (2004). Development and validation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 14, 27-35.
Bride, B. E., Jones, J. L., & Macmaster, S. A. (2007). Correlates of secondary traumatic stress in child protective services workers. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 4, 69-80.
Child Welfare Committee National Child Traumatic Stress network (2008). Child welfare trauma training toolkit: Comprehensive guide (2nd ed.). New York, CA & Durham, NC:National Center for Child Traumatic Stress.
Cohen, K., & Collens, P. (2013). The impact of trauma work on trauma workers: A meta-synthesis on vicarious trauma and vicarious posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, practive, and Policy, 5, 570-580.
Conrad, D., & Kellar-Guenther, Y. (2006). Compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among Colorado child protection workers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 1071−1080.
Cornille, T. A., & Meyers, T. W. (1999). Secondary traumatic stress among child protective service workers: Prevalence, severity and predictive factors. Traumatology, 5, 15-31.
Clark, M. L., & Gioro, S. (1998). Nurses, indirect trauma and prevention. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 30, 85-87.
Cunningham, M. (2003). Impact of trauma work on social work clinicians: Empirical findings. Social Work, 48, 451−459.
Derogatis, L. R., & Cleary, P. A. (1977). Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: A study in construct validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 981-989.
Devilly, G. J., Wrighr, R., & Vaker, T. (2009). Vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress or simply burnout? Effect of trauma therapy on mental health professionals. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 373-385.
Dombo, E. A., & Gray, C. (2013). Engaging spirituality in addressing vicarious trauma in clinical social workers: A self-care model. Social Work & Christianity, 40, 89-104.
Figley, C. R. (1999). Compassion fatigue: Toward a new understanding of the costs of caring. In B. H. Stamm(ed.). Secondary traumatic stress:Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators (2nd ed., pp. 3-28). Lutherville, MD:Sidran.
Figley, C. R. (2002). Compassion fatigue:Psychotherapists' chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1433-1441.
Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinment of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299.
Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 445-451.
Garland, E. L., Farb, N. A., Goldin, P. R., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015). Mindfulness broadens awareness and builds eudaimonic meaning: A process model of mindful positive emotion regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 293-314.
Harrison, R. L., & Westwood, M. J. (2009). preventing vicarious traumatization of mental health therapists: Identifying protective practices. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46, 203-219.
Hensel, J. M., Ruiz, C., Finney, C., & Dewa, C. S. (2015). Meta-analysis of risk factors for secondary traumatic stress in therapeutic work with trauma victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 83-91.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis:Conventional criteria versus new alternative. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Hunter, S. V., & Schofield, M. (2006). How counsellors cope with traumatized clients:Personal, Professional and organizational strategies. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 28, 121-138.
Jenkins, S. R., & Baird, S. (2002). Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validational study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 423-432.
Johnson, C. N. E., & Hunter, M. (1997). Vicarious traumatization in counselors working in the New South Wales Sexual Assault Service: An exploratory study. Work & Stress, 11, 319−328.
Kadambi, M. A., & Truscott, D. (2004). Vicarious trauma among therapists working with sexual violence, cancer, and general practice. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 38, 260−276.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. (1981). Maslach burnout inventory menual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maltzman, S. (2011). An organizational self-care model: Practical suggestions for development and implementation. The Counselling Psychologist, 39, 303-319.
Nelson-Gardell, D., & Harris, D. (2003). Childhood abuse history, secondary traumatic stress, and child welfare workers. Child Welfare: Journal of Policy, Practice, and Program, 82, 5-26.
Newell, J. M., & MacNeil, G. A. (2010). Professional burnout, vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion fatigue: A review of theoretical term, risk factors, and preventive methods for clinicians an researchers. Best Practices in Mental Health:An International Journal, 6, 57-68.
Pearlman, L. A., & Mac Ian, P. S. (1995). Vicarious traumatization: An empirical study of the effects of trauma work on trauma therapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 558-565.
Racanelli, C. (2005). Attachment and compassion fatigue among American and Israeli mental health clinicians working with traumatized victims of terrorism. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 7, 115−124.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
Salloum, A., Kondrat, D. C., Johnco, C., & Olson, K. R. (2015). The role of self-care on compassion satisfaction, bournout and secondary trauma among child welfare workers. Children and Youth Services Review. 49, 54-61.
Samios, C., Rodzik, A. K., & Abel, L. M. (2012). Secondary traumatic stress and adjustment in therapists who work with sexual violence survivors: The moderating role of posttraumatic growth. British Journal of Guidamce & Counselling, 40, 341-356.
Stamm, B. H. (2010.). The concise ProQOL manual (2nd ed.). Pocatello, ID: ProQOL.org.
Stebnicki, M. A. (2007). Empathy fatigue: Healing the mind, body, and spirit of professional counselors. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 10, 317-338.
Trippany, R. L., Kress, V. R., & Wilcoxon, S. A. (2004). Preventing vicarious trauma: What counselors should know when working with trauma survivors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82, 31-37.
White, G. D. (1998). Trauma treatment training for Bosnian and Croatian mental health workers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68, 58-62.
