본 연구에서는 정서강도가 정서억제에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 정서강도와 정서억제의 관계에서 자아해석양식의 조절효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 정서강도와 자아해석양식의 유형에 따른 구체적인 효과를 확인하기 위해 정서강도의 경우 긍정정서와 부정정서로 구분하였으며, 자아해석양식은 독립적 자아해석양식과 관계적-상호의존적 자아해석양식으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 이를 위해, 대학생 396명을 대상으로 정서강도, 정서억제, 자아해석양식에 대한 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 위계적 회귀분석을 통해 정서강도가 정서억제에 미치는 영향과 자아해석양식의 상호작용 효과를 검증하였다. 그 결과 긍정정서 강도와 부정정서 강도는 모두 정서억제에 부적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 긍정적인 정서강도가 정서억제에 미치는 영향을 관계적-상호의존적 자아해석양식이 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 긍정정서와 부정정서 모두 강하게 경험할수록 정서를 억제하는 수준이 낮아진다는 것을 나타내며, 정서를 경험하는 강도뿐만 아니라 자기를 지각하는 방식인 자아해석양식이 정서억제에 영향을 미친다는 것을 의미한다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 의의 및 제한점, 그리고 후속 연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다.
This two-fold study examined the effects of Affect Intensity on Emotion Suppression as well as the moderating effects of Self-Construals on the relationship between Affect Intensity and Emotion Suppression. We sort out Affect intensity from Positive affect intensity and Negative affect intensity. Also we sort out Self-Construals from Independent self-construal and Relational-Interdependent self-construal to find concrete effect. Three hundred ninety-six participants completed the questionnaire. For this purpose, we used hierarchical regression analysis. First, Positive Affect Intensity and Negative Affect Intensity negatively effect Emotion Suppression. Second, Relational-Interdependent Self-Construals moderated the relationship between Positive Affect Intensity and Emotion Suppression. These results suggest not only the intensity of affect but view of one’s self influence the use of Emotion Suppression. Implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
김효선 (2013). 긍정정서 억제와 주관적 안녕감의 관계에서 자기해석 양식의 조절효과. 가톨릭대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
방희정, 조혜자 (2003). 관계적-상호의존적 자아의 암묵적 표상. 미간행.
변상우 (2003). 개인주의-집단주의 성향과 스트레스 지각이 대처 방식에 미치는 영향. 가톨릭대학교 석사학위논문.
손재민 (2005). 정서조절방략 사용에서의 개인차: 인지적 재해석인과 정서표현억제인의비교. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
이주일, 황석현, 한정원, 민경환 (1997). 정서의체험 및 표현성이 건강과 심리적 안녕에미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 11(1), 117-140.
이지영, 권석만 (2006). 정서조절과 정신병리의관계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 18(3), 461-493.
이학식, 임지훈 (2011). SPSS 18.0 매뉴얼. 서울: 집현재.
장정주, 김정모 (2008). 정서적 자각, 표현, 및정서표현에 대한 양가성과 대인관계간의관계에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담및 심리치료, 20(3), 697-714.
전겸구, 김교헌, 류준범 (2000). Experience and expression of anger in Korean and American. 재활심리학회: 재활심리연구, 7, 61-75.
최해연, 민경환 (2003). 정서이해와 정서표현에의한 대처 척도 보완과 정서-중심적 대처하위 차원의 가능성 연구. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 17(3), 105-118.
최해연, 이동귀, 민경환 (2008). 정서강도, 정서주의, 정서명료성, 및 정서표현양가성의군집과 심리적 적응의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 22(4), 59-73.
한정원 (1997). 정서표현성이 건강 및 주관적 안녕에 미치는 영향. 서울대학교 석사학위논문.
허재홍 (2007). 정서자각, 정서체험, 정서표현이 대학생의 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 19(3), 767-784.
허재홍, 오충광 (2014). 부정정서 경험빈도와경험회피가 청소년의 안녕감에 미치는 영향. 상담학연구, 15(6), 2401-2415.
홍승범, 박혜경 (2013). 문화성향과 사회적지지. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 32(1), 125-150.
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Cliniccal Psychology Review, 30, 217-237.
Blascovich, J., Brennan, K., Tomaka, J., Kelsey, R. M., Hughe, P., & Coad, M. L. (1992). Affect intensity and cardiac arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 164-174.
Bryant, F. B. (1989). A Four Factor Model of Perceived Control: Avoiding, Coping, Obtaining, and Savoring. Journal of Personality, 57(4), 773-797.
Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. (1984). Dimensions of subjective mental health in American men and woman. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 227-260.
Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1999). The affect system has parallel and integrative progressing components: Form follows function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 839.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
Catanzaro, S. (1997). Mood regulation expectancies, affect intensity, and dispositional coping preferences as correlates of depressive symptoms: A conceptual analysis and empirical reanalysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1023-1029.
Catanzaro, S. J., & Mearns, J. (1990). Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation: Initial scale development and implications. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 546-563.
Craske, M. G. (2003). The origins of phobias and anxiety disorders: Why more women than men. Oxford, England: Elsevier Science.
Cross, S. E., & Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 5-37.
Cross, S. E., & Morris, M. L. (2003). Getting to know you: The relational self-construal, relational cognition, and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(4), 512-523.
Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., & Morris, M. L. (2000). The Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal and Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 791-808.
Diener, E., Diener, M., & Diener, C. (1995). Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 851-864.
Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1985). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1105-1117.
Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1993). The experience of emotional well-being. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions, (pp. 405-415). New York: Guilford Press.
Diener, E., Larsen, R. J., Levin, S., & Emmons, R. A. (1985). Intensity and frequency: Dimensions underlying positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1253-1265.
Feldner, M. T., Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H., & Spira, A. P. (2003). Emotional avoidance: An experimental tests of individual differences and reponse suppression during biological challenge. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 403-411.
Fredrickson, B. L., (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319.
Gohm, C. L. (2003). Mood Regulation and Emotional Inteligence: Individual Difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 594-607.
Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent - and responsefocused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237.
Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281-291.
Gross, J. J. (2003). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitiver, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281-291.
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation process:Implications for affect, relationship, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362.
Harter, S. (1993). Causes and consequences of low self-esteem in children and adolescents. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of self-regard (pp. 87-116). New York: Plenum Press.
John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of Personality, 72, 1301-1333.
Kafetsios, K & Hess, U. (2013). Effects of Activated and Dispositional Self-Construal on Emotion Decoding Accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 37(3), 191-205.
Kennedy-Moore, E., & Watson, J. C. (1999). Expressing emotion: Myths, realities, and therapeutic strategies (pp. 3-22). New York: The Guilford Press.
Kennedy-Moore, E., Greenberg, M. A., & Wortman, C. B. (1991). Varieties of nonexpression: A review of self-report measures of emotional control. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.
King, L. A., & Emmons, R. A. (1990). Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 864-877.
Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. L. (1998). Sex differences in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 686-703.
Kring, A. M., Smith, D. A., & Neale, J. M. (1994). Individual differences in dispositional expressiveness: Development and validation of the Emotional Expressivity Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 934-949.
Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Palarea, R. E., Cohen, J., & Rohling, M. L. (2000). Breaking up is hard to do: Unwanted pursuit behaviors following the dissolution of a romantic relationship. Violence and victims, 15(1), 73-90.
Langston, C. A. (1994). Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1112.
Larsen, R. J. (1984). Theory and measurement of affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic. Dissertation Abstracts International, 5, 2297B. (University Microfilms No. 84-22112)
Larsen, R. J. (2000). Toward a science of mood regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11(3), 129-141.
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987). Affect intensity as and individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 1-39.
Li, T., Fung, H. H., Isaacowitz, D. M., Lang, F. R. (2015). Attention to negative emotion is related to longitudinal social network change:The moderating effect of interdependent self-construal. Geriatrics and Gerontology International. 15(8), 1079-1086.
Lynch, T. R., Rovins, C. J., Morse, J. Q., & Krause, E. D. (2001). A mediational model relating affect intensity, emotion inhibition, and psychological distress. Behavior Therapy, 32, 89-113.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Miyamoto, Y., & Ryff, C. (2011). Cultural differences in the dialectical and non-dialectical styles and their implications for health. Cognition & emotion, 25(1), 22-39.
Muraven, M., Tice, DM., Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-Control as limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 774-789.
Norasakkunkit, V., & Kalick, S. M. (2002). Culture, ethnicity and emotional distress measures: The role of self-construal and self-enhancement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(1), 56-70.
Park, J., Kitayama, S., Karasawa, M., Curhan, K., Markus, H. R., Kawakami, N., … & Ryff, C. D. (2013). Clarifying the links between social support and health: Culture, stress, and neuroticism matter. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(2), 226-235.
Rainer, J. D. (1984). Genetic factors in depression and suicide. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 38(3), 329-340.
Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Composure at Any Cost? The Cognitive Consequences of Emotion Suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 1033-1044.
Rubin, D., Hoyle, R., Leary, M. (2012). Differential predictability of four dimensions of affect intensity. Cognition & emotion, 26, 25-41.
Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. P. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health (pp. 125-154). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Schmeichel, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2004). Self-regulatory strength. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs(Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 84-98). New York: Guilford Press.
Singelis, T. M. (1994). The Measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580-591.
Srivastava, S., Tamir, M., McGonigal, K. M., John, O. P., & Gross J. J. (2009). The social costs of emotional suppression: A prospective study of the transition to college. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 883-889.
Stephan, W. G., Stephan, C. W., & De Vargas, M. C. (1996). Emotional expression in Costa Rica and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27(2), 147-159.
Strelau, J. (1991). Renaissance in research on temperament: wher to? In Strelau, J., &Angleitner, A. (Eds.) Explorations in temperament: International perspectives on theory and measurement (pp.337-358) New York:Plenum.
Tamir, M. (2009). What do people want to feel and why? Pleasure and utility in emotion regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 101-105.
Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E. (2000). Giving in to feel good: The place of emotion regulation in the context of general self-contro, Psychological Inquiry, 11(3), 149-159.
Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001). Emotonal distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it!, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 53-67.
Triandis, H. C. (1994). Major cultural syndromes and emotion. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
Tsang, J. A., McCullough, M. E., & Fincham, F. D. (2006). The longitudinal association between forgiveness and relationship closeness and commitment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(4), 448-472.
Uchida, Y., Kitayama, S., Mesquita, B., Reyes, JAS., & Morling, B. (2008). Is perceived emotional support beneficial? Well-being and health in independent and interdependent cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 741-754.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. (1984). Negative affectivity. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 465-490.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affect and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 346-353.
Weinfurt, K. P., Bryant, F. B., and Yarnold, P. R. (1994). “The Factor Structure of the Affect Intensity Measure: In Search of a Measurement Model”, Journal of Research in Personality. 28, 314-331.
Westen, D. (1994). Toward an integrative model of affect regulation: Applications to social psychological research. Journal of Personality, 62, 641-667.
