open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
ISSN : 1229-0696
The goals of this research are three-fold: (1)identifying causes reducing allotment of individual’s family activity hours, (2)exploring gender differences in work-family experiences and reports of work-interference -to-family (WIF) and family-interference-to-work (FIW) while focusing on time-based role conflict aspect, (3) replicating and extending Gutek et al.’s (1991) theoretical framework with married, dual earning subjects from diverse work groups which are sampled from a nation-wide survey. Using a nation-wide telephone survey data, we found that (1)men spent more hours on commuting than women, (2)women with highly gender-role stereotypic attitudes spent more hours with their families compared to women with a low attitude but highly gender-stereotypic men spent more hours on work compared to their counter part, (3)the more time a person spends in work activities and the higher one's proportional contribution to the total family income, the less time the person spends in family activities. In addition to those, we found a significant three-way interaction amaong gender, gender-role stereotype, and family-related hours in predicting amount of work-related hours. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study and the directions for future study were discussed.
장재윤, 김효선 (2008). 직장 및 가정에서의 성역할 행동특성의 차이, 행동 전이 및 직장-가정 양립간의 관계: 맞벌이 여성공무원들을 대상으로. 한국 심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 21(2), 265-283.
장재윤, 김혜숙 (2003). 직장-가정 간 갈등이 삶의 만족 및 직무 태도에 미치는 효과에 있어서의 남녀 비교: 관리직 공무원들을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 9(1), 23-42.
Adams, G. A., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (1996). Relationships of job and family involvement, family social support, and work‐family conflict with job and life satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 411-420.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. New Jersey Park, CA: Sage.
Allen, T. D., Herst, D. E., Burck, C. S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work to family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 278-308.
Bacharach, S., Bamberger, P., & Conley, S. (1991). Work‐home conflict among nurses and engineers: Mediating the impact of role stress on burnout and satisfaction at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 39-53.
Bond, J. T., Galinsky, E., & Swanberg, J. (1998). National study of the changing workforce. New York: Families and Work Institute.
Burley, K. (1989). Work‐family conflict and marital adjustment in dual career couples: A comparison of three time models. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, CA.
Cinamon, R. G., & Rich, Y. (2002). Gender differences in the importance of work and family roles: Implications for work‐family conflict. Sex Roles, 47, 531-541.
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Cooper, C. L., & Hensman, R. (1985). A comparative investigation of executive stress: A ten‐nation study. Stress Medicine, 1, 29-38.
Duxbury, L. E., & Higgins, C. A. (1991). Gender differences in work‐family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 60-74.
Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25, 178-199.
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work‐family conflict: Testing a model of the work‐family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 65-78.
Frone, M. R., Yardley, J. K., & Markel, K. S. (1997). Developing and testing an integrative model of the work‐family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 145-167.
Fu, C. K., & Shaffer, M. A. (2001). The tug of work and family: Direct and indirect domain‐specific determinants of work‐family conflict. Personnel Review, 30, 502-522.
Gilbert, L. A., Hallett, M., & Eldridge, N. S. (1994). Gender and dual career families: Implications for the career counseling of women. In W. B. Walsh & S. H. Osipow (Eds.), Career counseling for women (pp. 135‐164). Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.
Grant, L., Simpson, L. A., & Rong, W. L. (1990). Gender, parenthood, and work hours of physicians. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 39-49.
Greenhaus, J., Bedeian, A. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1987). Work experiences, job performance, and feelings of personal and family well being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31, 200-215.
Greenhaus, J., & Beutell, N. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Parasuraman, S. (1999). Research on work, family, and gender: Current status and future direction. In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work (pp. 391-412). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., Granrose, C. S., Rabinowitz, S., & Beutell, N. J. (1989). Sources of work family conflict among two career‐couples. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 34, 133‐153.
Gutek, B. A., Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work‐family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560-568.
Herman, J. B., & Gyllstrom, K. K. (1977). Working men and women: Inter‐ and intra‐role conflict. International Business Review, 6, 319-333.
Higgins, C. A., & Duxbury, L. E. (1992). Work family conflict: A comparison of dual‐career and traditional‐career men. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 389-411.
Higgins, C. A., Duxbury, L. E., & Lee, C. (1994). Impact of life‐cycle stage and gender on the ability to balance work and family responsibilities. Family Relations, 43, 144-150.
Jacobs, J. A., & Gerson, K. (2000). Do Americans feel overworked? Comparing ideal and actual work time. In T. L. Parcel, & D. B. Cornfield (Eds), Work and Family: Research Informing Policy (pp.71-95). Sage Publications.
Judge, T. A., Boudreau, J. W., & Bretz, R. D. (1994). Job and life attitudes of male executives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 767-782.
Keith, P. M.,& Schafer, R. B. (1984). Role behavior and psychological well‐being: A comparison of men in one‐job and two‐job families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54, 137-154.
Kerpelman, J. L., & Schvaneveldt, P. L. (1999). Young adults’ anticipated identity importance of career, marital, and parental roles: Comparisons of men and women with different role balance orientation. Sex Roles, 42, 189-217.
Kossek, E. E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work‐family conflict, policies, and the job‐life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational behavior‐human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 139-149.
Major, V. S., Klein, K. J., & Ehrhart, M. G. (2002). Work time, work interference with family, and psychological distress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 427-436.
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work‐family conflict and family‐work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 400-409.
Nieva, V. F., & Gutek, B. A. (1981). Women and work: A psychological perspective. New York: Praeger.
Novack, L. L., & Novack, D. R. (1996). Being female in the eighties and nineties: Conflicts between new opportunities and traditional expectations among White, middle class, heterosexual college women. Sex Roles, 35, 57-77.
O’Driscoll, M. P., Ilgen, D. R., & Hildreth, K. (1992). Time devoted to job and off‐job activities, interrole conflict, and affective experiences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 272-279.
Parasuraman, S., & Greenhaus, J. H. (1993). Personal portrait: The life style of women managers. In Women in Management: Trends, Issues, and Challenges, Vol. 4 (pp. 186-211). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Pleck, J. H. (1977). The work‐family role system. Social Problems, 24, 417-427.
Pleck, J. H. (1985). Working wives/working husbands. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Raynolds, J. (2003). You can’t always get the hours you want: Mismatches between actual and preferred work hours in the U.S.. Social Forces, 81, 1171-1199.
Sieber, S. D. (1974). Toward a theory of role accumulation. American Sociological Review, 39, 567-578.
Spector, P. E., Cooper, C. L., Poelmans, S., Allen, T. D., O’Driscoll, M., Sanchez, J. I., Siu, O. L., Dewe, P., Hart, P., Lu, L., De Moraes, L. F., Ostrognay, G. M., Sparks, K., Wong, P., & Yu, S. (2004). A cross‐national comparative study of work‐family stressors, working hours, and well‐being: China and latin America versus the anglo world. Personnel Psychology, 57, 119-142.
Thoits, P. A. (1991). On merging identity theory and stress research. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54, 101-112.
Voydanoff, P. (1988). Work role characteristics, family structure demands, and work/family conflict. Journal of Marriage and Family, 50, 749-761.
Wallace, J. E. (1999). Work‐to‐nonwork conflict among married male and female lawyers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 797-816.
Willinger, B. (1993). Resistance and change: College men’s attitudes toward family and work in the 1980s. In J. C. Hood (Ed.), Men, work, and family: Research on men and masculinities (Vol. 4, pp.108-130). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.