바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

The Effects of Mild Task Conflict and Relationship Conflict on Psychological Safety and Team Effectiveness: Team-Level Analysis

Abstract

The present research examined the possibility that mild task conflict and relationship conflict can serve as antecedents of psychological safety climate of newly formed teams and in turn influence team effectiveness in creative performance. Specifically, we suggest that mild task conflict is positively related to psychological safety, while relationship conflict is negatively related. Furthermore, psychological safety would mediate the relationships of mild task conflict and relationship conflict to creative team performance and team attachment. This proposed model was tested using a sample of 194 participants in a total of 35 teams surveyed at 2 time periods over about 4 months. The data analysis provides evidence to support our proposed model. The results indicate that mild task conflict and relationship conflict are critical team processes to influence emergence of team psychological safety climate which promotes team effectiveness in creative task performance. Finally, theoretical and practical implications, limitation and suggestion for future research are discussed.

keywords
과업갈등, 관계갈등, 심리적 안전감, 신생팀, 팀효과성, 창의적 수행, task conflict, relationship conflict, psychological safety, team effectiveness, creativity

Reference

1.

강규산, 탁진국 (2011). 팀내 경쟁과 팀 몰입, 팀 만족의 관계: 관계갈등의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 24(1), 157-181.

2.

김영식 (2009). 과업갈등의 관계갈등으로의 전이에 대한 조절변수효과. 성균관대학교 석사학위논문.

3.

김지혜, 탁진국 (2010). 조직 집단 내 갈등의 선행변인에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 23(3), 397-418.

4.

이승후, 서용원 (2015). 의견 차이, 방해 행동, 부적 정서가 갈등 전이에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 28(3), 481- 506.

5.

이준호, 박지환 (2011). 집단 내 갈등과 이직의도의 관계에서 직무만족의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 24(1), 75-102.

6.

조수연 (2007). 팀내 갈등 측정도구 개발 및 타당화. 성균관대학교 석사학위논문.

7.

Agarwal, P., & Farndale, E. (2017). High performance work systems and creativity implementation: the role of psychological capital and psychological safety. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(3), 440-458.

8.

Amason, A. C. (1996). Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 123-148.

9.

Amason, A. C., & Sapienza, H. J. (1997). The effects of top management team size and interaction norms on cognitive and affective conflict. Journal of Management, 23(4), 495-516.

10.

Baas, M., De Dreu, C. K., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus?. Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 779-806.

11.

Baer, M., & Frese, M. (2003). Innovation is not enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(1), 45-68.

12.

Balkundi, P., Barsness, Z., & Michael, J. H. (2009). Unlocking the influence of leadership network structures on team conflict and viability. Small Group Research, 40(3), 301-322.

13.

Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., Neubert, M. J., & Mount, M. K. (1998). Relating member ability and personality to work-team processes and team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 377-391.

14.

Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Nathan DeWall, C., & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 167-203.

15.

Behfar, K. J., Peterson, R. S., Mannix, E. A., & Trochim, W. M. (2008). The critical role of conflict resolution in teams: a close look at the links between conflict type, conflict management strategies, and team outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 170-188.

16.

Bell, S. T., & Marentette, B. J. (2011). Team viability for long-term and ongoing organizational teams. Organizational Psychology Review, 1(4), 275-292.

17.

Biemann, T., Cole, M. S., & Voelpel, S. (2012). Within-group agreement: On the use (and misuse) of r WG and r WG (J) in leadership research and some best practice guidelines. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(1), 66-80.

18.

Boies, K., Fiset, J., & Gill, H. (2015). Communication and trust are key: Unlocking the relationship between leadership and team performance and creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(6), 1080-1094.

19.

Bradley, B. H., Postlethwaite, B. E., Klotz, A. C., Hamdani, M. R., & Brown, K. G. (2012). Reaping the benefits of task conflict in teams: the critical role of team psychological safety climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 151-158.

20.

Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Salas, E., Pierce, L., & Kendall, D. (2006). Understanding team adaptation: A conceptual analysis and model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1189-1207.

21.

Burton, J. P., Holtom, B. C., Sablynski, C. J., Mitchell, T. R., & Lee, T. W. 2010. The buffering effects of job embeddedness on negative shocks. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 42-51.

22.

Camacho, L. M., & Paulus, P. B. (1995). The role of social anxiousness in group brainstorming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1071-1080.

23.

Carmeli, A., & Gittell, J. H. (2009). High‐quality relationships, psychological safety, and learning from failures in work organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(6), 709- 729.

24.

Chang, M. L. (2017). On the relationship between intragroup conflict and social capital in teams: A longitudinal investigation in Taiwan. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(1), 3-27.

25.

Chen, G., Sharma, P. N., Edinger, S. K., Shapiro, D. L., & Farh, J. L. (2011). Motivating and demotivating forces in teams: cross-level influences of empowering leadership and relationship conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3), 541-557.

26.

Chun, J. S., & Choi, J. N. (2014). Members’ needs, intragroup conflict, and group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(3), 437-450.

27.

De Dreu, C. K. (2006). When too little or too much hurts: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between task conflict and innovation in teams. Journal of Management, 32(1), 83-107.

28.

De Dreu, C. K. W., & Gelfand, M. J. (2008). Conflict in the workplace: Sources, dynamics, and functions across multiple levels of analysis. In C. K. W. De Dreu & M. J. Gelfand (Eds.), The Psychology of Conflict and Conflict Management in Organizations (pp. 3-54). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.

29.

De Dreu, C. K., & Beersma, B. (2005). Conflict in organizations: Beyond effectiveness and performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14(2), 105-117.

30.

De Dreu, C. K., & van Knippenberg, D. (2005). The possessive self as a barrier to conflict resolution: Effects of mere ownership, process accountability, and self-concept clarity on competitive cognitions and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(3), 345-357.

31.

De Dreu, C. K., & Weingart, L. R. (2003). A contingency theory of task conflict and performance in groups and organizational teams. In M. A. West, D. Tjosvold, & K. Smith (Eds), International handbook of organizational teamwork and cooperative working: 151-166. Chichester, UK: Wiley.

32.

De Dreu, C. K., & Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 741-749.

33.

De Dreu, C. K., Evers, A., Beersma, B., Kluwer, E. S., & Nauta, A. (2001). A theory‐based measure of conflict management strategies in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(6), 645-668.

34.

De Wit, F. R., Greer, L. L., & Jehn, K. A. (2012). The paradox of intragroup conflict: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2), 360-390.

35.

DeChurch, L. A., & Marks, M. A. (2001). Maximizing the benefits of task conflict: The role of conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management, 12(1), 4-22.

36.

DeChurch, L. A., Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & Doty, D. (2013). Moving beyond relationship and task conflict: Toward a process-state perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(4), 559-578.

37.

Demirbag, O., Findikli, M. A., & Yozgat, U. (2016). Impact of task conflict on job satisfaction: Mediating effect of positive emotions while controlling personality traits. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 20, 20-34.

38.

Deutsch, M.,Coleman, P. T., & Marcus, E. (2014). The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice,Jossey-Bass,San Francisco, CA. [Google Scholar]

39.

Dunn, J. R., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2005). Feeling and believing: the influence of emotion on trust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(5), 736-748.

40.

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.

41.

Edmondson, A. C., & Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological safety: The history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 23-43.

42.

Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological safety: A meta‐analytic review and extension. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113-165.

43.

Gilson, L. L., & Shalley, C. E. (2004). A little creativity goes a long way: An examination of teams’ engagement in creative processes. Journal of Management, 30(4), 453-470.

44.

Gong, Y., Cheung, S. Y., Wang, M., & Huang, J. C. (2012). Unfolding the proactive process for creativity: Integration of the employee proactivity, information exchange, and psychological safety perspectives. Journal of Management, 38(5), 1611-1633.

45.

Greer, L. L., Caruso, H. M., & Jehn, K. A. (2011). The bigger they are, the harder they fall: Linking team power, team conflict, and performance.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116(1), 116-128.

46.

Greer, L. L., Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. A. (2008). Conflict transformation: A longitudinal investigation of the relationships between different types of intragroup conflict and the moderating role of conflict resolution. Small Group Research, 39(3), 278-302.

47.

Hackman, J. R. (1987). The design of work teams. In J. L. Lorsch (Ed.). Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 315-342). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

48.

Herrbach, O. (2006). A matter of feeling? The affective tone of organizational commitment and identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(5), 629-643.

49.

Ilgen, D. R., Hollenbeck, J. R., Johnson, M., & Jundt, D. (2005). Teams in organizations: From input-process-output models to IMOI models. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 517-543.

50.

Impett, E. A., Gable, S. L., & Peplau, L. A. (2005). Giving up and giving in: the costs and benefits of daily sacrifice in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(3), 327-344.

51.

James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984). Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1), 85-98.

52.

Janssen, O., Van De Vliert, E., & Veenstra, C. (1999). How task and person conflict shape the role of positive interdependence in management teams. Journal of Management, 25, 117-141.

53.

Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 256-282.

54.

Jehn, K. A. (1997). A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 530-557.

55.

Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. A. (2001). The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 238-251.

56.

Jehn, K. A., Greer, L., Levine, S., & Szulanski, G. (2008) The effects of conflict types, dimensions, and emergent states on group outcomes. Group Decision and Negotiation, 17, 465-495.

57.

Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (1998). The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for cooperation and teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 23, 531-546.

58.

Kark, R., & Carmeli, A. (2009). Alive and creating: The mediating role of vitality and aliveness in the relationship between psychological safety and creative work involvement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(6), 785-804.

59.

Kostopoulos, K. C., & Bozionelos, N. (2011). Team exploratory and exploitative learning: Psychological safety, task conflict, and team performance. Group & Organization Management, 36(3), 385-415.

60.

Kozlowski, S. W., & Ilgen, D. R. (2006). Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological Science in The Public Interest, 7(3), 77-124.

61.

Langfred, C. W. (2007). The Downside of Self-Management: A Longitudinal Study of the Effects tf Conflict on Trust, Autonomy, and Task Interdependence in Self-Managing Teams. Academy of management journal, 50(4), 885-900.

62.

Lau, R. S., & Cobb, A. T. (2010). Understanding the connections between relationship conflict and performance: The intervening roles of trust and exchange. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(6), 898-917.

63.

LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. (2008). Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11(4), 815-852.

64.

Lewicki, R. J., Tomlinson, E. C., & Gillespie, N. (2006). Models of interpersonal trust development: Theoretical approaches, empirical evidence, and future directions. Journal of Management, 32, 991-1022.

65.

Liang, J., Farh, C. I., & Farh, J. L. (2012). Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice: A two-wave examination. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 71-92.

66.

Luthans, F., Rubach, M. J., & Marsnik, P. (1995). Going beyond total quality: The characteristics, techniques, and measures of learning organizations. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 3(1), 24-44.

67.

Marks, M. A., Mathieu, J. E., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2001). A temporally based framework and taxonomy of team processes. Academy of Management Review, 26(3), 356-376.

68.

Mathieu, J. E., Hollenbeck, J. R., van Knippenberg, D., & Ilgen, D. R. (2017). A century of work teams in the Journal of Applied Psychology. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 452-467.

69.

Mathieu, J., Maynard, M. T., Rapp, T., & Gilson, L. (2008). Team effectiveness 1997-2007: A review of recent advancements and a glimpse into the future. Journal of Management, 34(3), 410-476.

70.

Meier, L. L., Gross, S., Spector, P. E., & Semmer, N. K. (2013). Relationship and task conflict at work: Interactive short-term effects on angry mood and somatic complaints. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(2), 144-156.

71.

Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 27(3), 521-535.

72.

Nifadkar, S. S., & Bauer, T. N. (2016). Breach of belongingness: Newcomer relationship conflict, information, and task-related outcomes during organizational socialization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), 1-13.

73.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.

74.

Schulz-Hardt, S., Brodbeck, F. C., Mojzisch, A., Kerschreiter, R., & Frey, D. (2006). Group decision making in hidden profile situations: Dissent as a facilitator for decision quality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(6), 1080-1093.

75.

Shaw, J. D., Zhu, J., Duffy, M. K., Scott, K. L., Shih, H. A., & Susanto, E. (2011). A contingency model of conflict and team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 391-400.

76.

Siemsen, E., Roth, A. V., Balasubramanian, S., & Anand, G. (2009). The influence of psychological safety and confidence in knowledge on employee knowledge sharing. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 11(3), 429-447.

77.

Singh, B., Shaffer, M. A., & Selvarajan, T. T. (2017). Antecedents of organizational and community embeddedness: The roles of support, psychological safety, and need to belong. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39, 1-16.

78.

Sinha, R., Janardhanan, N. S., Greer, L. L., Conlon, D. E., & Edwards, J. R. (2016). Skewed task conflicts in teams: What happens when a few members see more conflict than the rest?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101, 1045-1055.

79.

Staw, B. M., Sandelands, L. E., & Dutton, J. E. (1981). Threat rigidity effects in organizational behavior: A multilevel analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(4), 501-524.

80.

Sundstrom, E., De Meuse, K. P., & Futrell, D. (1990). Work teams, applications and effectiveness. American Psychologist, 45, 120-133.

81.

Thiel, C. E., Harvey, J., Courtright, S., & Bradley, B. (2017). What Doesn’t Kill You Makes You Stronger: How Teams Rebound From Early-Stage Relationship Conflict. Journal of Management, 149206317729026.

82.

Tjosvold, D. (2008). The conflict‐positive organization: It depends upon us. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(1), 19-28.

83.

Tjosvold, D., & Su, F. (2007). Managing anger and annoyance in organizations in China: The role of constructive controversy. Group & Organization Management, 32(3), 260-289.

84.

Tjosvold, D., Law, K. S., & Sun, H. F. (2003). Collectivistic and individualistic values: Their effects on group dynamics and productivity in China. Group Decision and Negotiation, 12(3), 243-263.

85.

Tjosvold, D., Wong, A. S., & Feng Chen, N. Y. (2014). Constructively managing conflicts in organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychololgy and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 545-568.

86.

Todorova, G., Bear, J. B., & Weingart, L. R. (2014). Can conflict be energizing? A study of task conflict, positive emotions, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(3), 451-467.

87.

Van den Bossche, P., Gijselaers, W. H., Segers, M., & Kirschner, P. A. (2006). Social and cognitive factors driving teamwork in collaborative learning environments: Team learning beliefs and behaviors. Small Group Research, 37(5), 490-521.

88.

Zhang, R., Gong, Y., & Zhou, M. (2017). Is task conflict toxic or conducive to team creativity? oderating effects of workplace climate. Academy of Management Proceedings, 10914.

logo