ISSN : 1229-0696
The main objective of this study is to investigate the strength of the relationship among job embeddedness, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions among Korean employees using meta-analytic methods with theoretical rationale. The results from meta-analysis of 44 Korean studies are as follows. First, the true-score correlations among on-the-job embeddedness, fit to organization, organization-related sacrifice, and turnover intention are -.569, -.462, -.414 each (k = 14-30, N = 4657-8299); the 95% CIs and 80% CVs for all relationships had no zero. Second, the true-score correlations among on-the-job embeddedness, three sub-factors, and work-related attitudes (affective commitment, job satisfaction) are all positively correlated and the 95% CIs and 80% CVs for all relationships had no zero. Third, the magnitude of true-score relationship between on-the-job embeddedness and work-related variables is somewhat stronger in this meta-analysis than in counterpart studies in western countries. Finally, estimating the incremental validity of on-the-job embeddedness using meta-analytic structural equation model, on-the- job embeddedness remains negatively related with turnover intention, after affective commitment and job satisfaction are controlled. This meta-analytic findings contribute to understanding of the relationships among job embeddedness and work-related variables among Korean employees. Future studies should attempt to overcome the limitations of this study such as lack of information related to demographics. Further, more primary studies are needed since there were very few available studies on actual turnover and off-the-job embeddedness. Hopefully, this study will be a good guide for the future Korean studies on job embeddedness.
고용노동부 (2013. 11. 08). 워크넷 온라인설문조사. www.worknet.go.kr/empSpt/empNews/retrieveE mpNewsList.do
김은애 (2005). 성별에 따른 직무배태성과 이직의도간의 관계에 관한 연구. 이화여대 학위논문
대한상공회의소, (2011. 06. 07). 대졸 신입직원 조기퇴사 및 기업의 대응 현황조사. http://www.korcham.net/EconNews/KcciRepor t/CRE01102R.asp?m_chamcd=B001&m_dataid=20110607001&m_page=30&m_query=T ITLE&m_queryText=
박경규, 이기은 (2004). 조직에 대한 직무배태성과 이직의도 간의 관계. 경영학연구, 33(5), 1423-1440.
박인규 (2010). 호텔 종사원의 직무배태성이이직 의도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 -임금만족을 조절변수로 - 관광연구, 25(3), 61-79.
사람인 (2012. 11. 07). 신입사원 이직 이유. http://www.saramin.co.kr/zf_user/help/live/view?i dx=13585&offset=96&page=5&keyword=%C0%CC%C1%F7&menu=1
삼성경제연구소 (2009. 10. 21.). 新신세대 직장인을 말하다. 제 727호
오인수, 김광현, Darnold, T. C., 황종오, 유태용, 박영아, 박량희 (2007). 직무만족, 조직몰입, 성과, 이직의도 간의 관련성: 문헌고찰 및 메타분석. 인사조직연구, 15(4), 43-86.
잡코리아 (2010. 09. 30). 신입사원 적정 연봉수준. http://www.jobkorea.co.kr/jobtimes/news/research/result/2010_1011.asp
잡코리아 (2012. 11. 27). 이직을 결심하게되는 이유. http://www.jobkorea.co.kr/jobtimes/news/research/result/2012_1211.asp
조영복, 곽선화, 류정란 (2008). 조직구성원의직무배태성이 조직잔류에 미치는 영향. 인적자원관리연구, 15(1), 173-200.
커리어 (2013. 11. 21). 연봉협상 인식조사. http://www.career.co.kr/info/news/news_view.as p?page=2&rid=65537
페이오픈 (2008. 12. 10). 이직을 해야겠다고생각될 때 가장 큰 이유. http://iloveschool.payopen.co.kr/help_desk/que stion_view.asp?reportNum=343&page=3
LG 경제연구원 (2005. 01. 21). 신입사원 이직을 막아라.
한국경영자총협회 (2014). 2014년 신입사원채용실태조사. http://www.kefplaza.com/kef/kef_press_view.jsp? num=3484&pageNum=1
홍세희 (2008). 구조방정식모형: 고급방법. 고급연구방법론 워크숍 시리즈4.
Abelson, M. A. (1987). Examination of avoidable and unavoidable turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 382-386.
Abelson, M. A. (1993). Turnover cultures. In G. Ferris & G. Rowland (Eds.)
Allen, D. G. (2006). Do organizational socialization tactics influence newcomer embeddedness and turnover? Journal of Management, 32, 237-256.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
Ballout, H. I. (2008). Work-family conflict and career success: The effects of domain-specific determinants. Journal of Management Development, 27(5), 437-466.
Banks, G. C., Kepes, S., & McDaniel, M. A. (2012). Publication bias: A call for improved meta-analytic practice in the organizational sciences. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 20, 182-196.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1996). Effects of impression management and self-deception on the predictive predictive validity of personality constructs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 261-272.
Cantisano, G. T. Domínguez, J. F. M., & Depolo, M. (2008). Psychological contract breach and outcomes: Combining meta-analysis and structural equation models. Psychothema, 20(3), 487-496.
Cheung, M. W. L., & Chan, W. (2004). Testing dependent correlation coefficients via structural equation modeling. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 206-223.
Cho, D-H., & Son, J-M. (2012). Job embeddedness and turnover intentions: An empirical investigation of construction IT industries. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 40, 101-110.
Churchill, G. A. Jr, Ford, N. M., & Walker, O. C. Jr (1974). Measuring the job satisfaction of industrial salesmen. Journal of Marketing Research, 6, 254-260.
Cohen, A. (1993). Work commitment in relations to withdrawal intentions and union effectivenes. Journal of Business Research, 26, 75-90.
Cohen, A. (1995). An examination of the relationships between work commitment and nonwork domains. Human Relations, 48, 239-263.
Cooper-Hakim, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). The construct of work commitment: Testing an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 131(2), 241-259.
Crossley, C. D., Bennett, R. J., Jex, S. M., & Burnfield, J. L. (2007). Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1031-1042.
Deloitte (2009). Generation Y: powerhouse of the global economy Restless generation is a challenge - and a huge opportunity - for employers.
Felps, W. T., Mitchell, R., Hekman, D. R., & Lee, T. W. (2009). Turnover contagion: how coworkers' job embeddedness and job search behaviors influence quitting. Academy of Management Journal 52, 545-561.
Fortune (2007. 5. 24). Attracting the Twentysomething Worker.
Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W. (2004). Innovative theory and empirical research on employee turnover. Information Age Publishing Inc.
Hall, D. T. (1990). Promoting work/family balance: An organization - change approach. Organizational Dynamics, 18(3), 5-8.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. V., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (3rd ed.). New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
Holtom, B. C., & Inderrieden, E. J. (2006). Integrating the unfolding model and job embeddedness model to better understand voluntary turnover. Journal of Management Issues 18(4), 435-452.
Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., & Eberly, M. B. (2008). Turnover and retention research: A glance at the past, a closer review of the present, and a venture into the future. The Academy of Management Annals, 2, 231-74.
Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., & Tidd, S. (2006). Less is more: Validation of a short form of the job embeddedness measure and theoretical extensions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta.
Hom, P. W., & Griffeth, R. W. 1995. Employee turnover. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western.
Hulin, G. L. (1991). Adaptation, persistence and commitment in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed.): 445-507. Palo Alto, GA:Gonsulting Psychologists Press.
Hunter, J. E., Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.
Jiang, K., Liu, D., McKay, P. F., Lee, T. W., & Mitchell, T. R. (2012). When and how is job embeddedness predictive of turnover? A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(5), 1077-1096.
Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., McDaniel, L. S., & Hill, J. W. (1999). The unfolding model of voluntary turnover: A replication and extension. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 450-462.
Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., Sablynski, C. J., Burton, J. P., & Holtom, B. C. (2004). The effects of job embeddedness on organizational citizenship, job performance, volitional absences, and voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 711-722.
Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., Wise, L., & Fireman, S. (1996). An unfolding model of voluntary employee turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 5-36.
Locke, E. A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4, 309-336.
Mallol, C. M., Holtom, B. C., & Lee, T. W. (2007). Job embeddedness in a culturally diverse environment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 22, 35-44.
Michel, J. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Thomas, J. (2011). Conclusions from meta-analytic structural equation models generally do not change due to corrections for study artifacts. Research Synthesis Methods, 2, 174-187.
Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001), Why people stay, using job embeddedness to Predict Voluntary Turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1102-122.
Mitchell, T. R., & Lee, T. W. (2001). The unfolding model of voluntary turnover and job embeddedness: Foundations for a comprehensive theory of attachment. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, 189-246.
Mobley, W. H. (1982). Employee turnover: Causes, consequences, and control. Addison-Wesley. Publishing Company Inc.
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-227.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3-72.
Peterson, R. A., & Brown, S. P. (2005). On the use of Beta coefficients in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 175-181.
Ramesh, A., & Gelfand, M. J. (2010). Will they stay or will they go? The role of job embeddedness in predicting turnover in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 807-823.
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1977). Development of general solution to the problem of validity generalization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 529-540.
Schmidt, F. L., & Le, H. (2004). Software for the Hunter-Schmidt meta-analysis methods. Iowa City, IA: Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa.
Seashore, S. E., Lawer, E. E., Mirvis, P., & Cammann, C. (1982). Observing and measuring organizational change: A guide to field practice (New York: John Wiley &Sons).
Smith, P. C., Kendall, L. M., & Hulin, C. L. (1969). The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Kepes, S., Banks, G. C., & Oh, I. S. (2013). Avoiding bias in publication bias research:The value of “null” findings. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(2), 183-203.
Singh, J., Goolsby, J. R., Rhoads, G. K. (1994). Behavioral and psychological consequences of boundary spanning: burnout for customer service representatives. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(4), 546-558.
Smith, P. C., Kendall, L. M., & Hulin, C. L. (1969). The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Tett, R. P., & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46, 259-293.
Torgerson, C. J. (2006). Publication bias: The Achilles’ heel of systematic reviews? British Journal of Educational Studies, 54, 89-102.
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (1995). Theory testing: Combining psychometric meta-analysis and structural equations modelling. Personnel Psychology, 48, 865-885.
Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V., England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, Work Adjustment Project Industrial relations Center(UM).
Wothke, W. (1993). Nonpositive definite matrices in structural modeling. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models: 256-293. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Yao, X., Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., Burton, J. P., & Sablynski, C. S. (2004). Job embeddedness: Current research and future directions. In R. Griffeth & P. Hom (Eds.), Understanding employee retention and turnover (pp.153-87). Greenwich, CT:Information.
Zhang M., Fried, D. D., & Griffeth, R. W. (2012). A review of job embeddedness:Conceptual, measurement issues, and directions for future research. Human Resource Management, 22, 220-231.