ISSN : 1229-0696
In the field of organizational psychology, the study of task conflict and relationship conflict is noted. However, there seems to be a paucity in research clarifying relationship among organizational members that can reduce the impact of task conflict on relationship conflict. The purpose of this study is to conceptualization and scale development of organizational companionship, which mitigates the effects of task conflict on relationship conflict. In the first study, an in-depth interview was conducted in order to explore relationship-based factors that could reduce the effects of task conflict on relationship conflict. Such factors that reduce relationship conflict in presence of task conflict were defined as organizational companionship, and was conceptualized as being composed of five sub-factors-jeong, we-ness, mutual trust, loyal behavior, and responsibility-which were named based on literature review. In the second study, a scale for organizational companionship was developed based on the in-depth interview. The result of exploratory factor analysis using data of 310 participants showed a 5 factor structure with 28 items. It was also verified that organizational companionship reduced the effects of task conflict on relationship conflict. In the third study, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with a sample of 304 participants, and the results signified that the 5 factor structure indicated a satisfactory fit. Based on such findings, theoretical and practical implication, limitations, and suggestions for future research were discussed.
권혁호, 박영신, 김의철 (2004). 직장인의 직장내 인간관계에 대한 신뢰의식: 토착 심리학적 접근. 한국심리학회지: 연차학술발 표대회 논문집, 151-152.
김기범, 김미희, 최상진 (2002). 한국인의 대인관계에서의 기본도덕으로서의 의리분석:한 국인에게 진정한 친구는 의리있는 친구인가. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 8(1), 79-101.
김명언, 이영석 (2000). 한국기업조직에서 부하가 상사에 대해 갖는 신뢰와 불신의 기반. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 6(3), 99-120.
김영식, 서용원 (2015). 조직구성원의 개인주의-집합주의 가치지향성이 정서표현 및 호감도에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 28(4), 689-722.
김영식, 한성호, 서용원 (2017). 과업갈등이 관계갈등에 미치는 영향에 대한 조절효과:관계의 질과 개인차에 따라서. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 30(3), 415-441.
성태제 (2002). 타당도와 신뢰도. 서울: 학지사.
심선아, 백기복, 김보영 (2014). 한국형리더십의 관계요인과 팀 효과성 간의 관계에 대한 연구. 한국경영학회: 경영학연구, 43(5), 1627-1645.
이규태 (1994). 한국인의 정서구조: 인정 흥 신바람. 서울: 신원문화사.
이영석, 오동근, 서용원 (2004). 회사신뢰 및상사신뢰의 결정요인. 한국시리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 17(2), 147-186.
최상진 (1993). 사회적 행동과 정체성: 한국인과 일본인의 ‘우리’의식 비교. 한국심리 학회지: 연차학술발표논문집, 229-244.
최상진 (1997). 동양심리학의 모색: 당사자 심리학과 제3자 심리학: 인간관계 조망의두 가지 틀. 한국심리학회지: 추계심포지엄자료집, 131-143.
최상진 (2000). 한국인 심리학. 서울: 중앙대학교 출판부.
최상진, 김의철, 김기범 (2003). 한국사회에서의 대인관계속의 신뢰와 불신의 기반으로서의 마음에 대한 문화심리학적 접근. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 9(2), 1-17.
최상진, 김의철, 유승엽, 이장주 (1997). 한국인의 정(情) 표상. 한국심리학회지: 연차학술발표논문집, 1(6), 553-573.
최상진, 박정열 (1999). 우정에 대한 한국인의개념구성: 우정의 심리적 차원 탐색. 한국심리학회지: 연차학술발표논문집, 1(6), 49-53.
파이낸셜뉴스 (2016, 6, 14). 직장인 10명 중 8명 “직장 내 기댈 곳 없어 외롭다” http://www.fnnews.com/news/201606140955162916에서 16년 6월 18일 자료 얻음.
Amason, A. C. (1996). Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams, Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 123-148.
Barney, J. B., & Hansen, M. H. (1994). Trustworthiness as a source of competitive edge. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 175-190.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
Bartel, C., & Saavedra, R. (2000). The collective construction of work group moods, Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(2), 197-231.
Behfar, K. J., Peterson, R. S., Mannix, E. A., & Trochim, W. M. (2008). The critical role of conflict resolution in teams: A close look at the links between conflict type, conflict management strategies, and team outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 170-188.
Berman, E. M., West, J. P., & Richter, M. N. (2002). Workplace relations: Friendship patterns and consequences (according to managers). Public Administration Review, 62, 217-230.
Bhattacharya, R., Devinney, T. M., & Pillutla, M. M. (1998). A formal model of trust based on outcomes. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 459-472.
Bradley, B. H., Anderson, H. J., Baur, J. E., & Klotz, A. C. (2015). When conflict helps:Integrating evidence for beneficial conflict in groups and teams under three perspectives. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 19(4), 243-272.
Bradley, B. H., Postlethwaite, B. E., Klotz, A. C., Hamdani, M. R., & Brown, K. G. (2012). Reaping the benefit of task conflict in teams:The critical role of team psychological safety climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 151-158.
Camras, L. A. (1985). Socialization of affect communication. In M. Lewis, & C. Saarni (Eds.), The Socialization of Emotions, (pp. 141-160) New York: Plenum Press.
Churchill, G. A., Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73.
Dailey, R. C. (1977). The effects of cohesiveness and collaboration on work groups: A theoretical model. Group and Organization Studies, 2, 461-469.
DeChurch, L. A., Hamilton, K. L., & Haas, C. (2007). Effects of conflict management strategies on perceptions of intragroup conflict. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 11(1), 66-78.
De Dreu, C. K. W. (2006). When too little of too much hurts: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between task conflict and innovation in teams. Journal of Management. 32(1). 83-107.
De Dreu, C. K. W. (2011). Conflict at work:Basic principles and applied Issues. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol 3: Maintaining, expanding, and contracting the organization (pp. 461-493). Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
De Dreu, C. K. W., & Weingart, L. R. (2003). A contingency theory of task conflict and performance in group and organizational teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 741-749.
De Dreu, C. K. W., van Dierendonck, D., & de Best-Waldhober, M. (2002). Conflict at work and individual well-being. In M. J. Schabracq, C. L. Cooper, and J. A. M. Winnubst (Eds.), The handbook of work and health psychology, (pp. 495-515). Chichester: Wiley.
Dutton, J. E., & Heaphy, E, D. (2003). The power of high-quality connections at work. In k. Cameron, J, E, Dutton, & R, E, Quinn (Eds.), Positive Organizational Scholarship (pp. 263-278). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
Feeney, B. C. (2004). A secure base: Responsive support of goal strivings and exploration in adult intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 268-285.
Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. C. (2004). Interpersonal safe haven and secure base caregiving processes in adulthood. In W. S. Rholes, & J. A. Simpson (Eds.), Adult Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications (pp. 300-338). New York: Guilford Press.
Feldman, D. C. (1988). Managing Careers in Organizations, Glenview, 3: Scott, Foresman and Inc.
Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportion. New York: Wiley.
Gottman, J. M. (1993). The roles of conflict engagement, escalation, or avoidance in marital interaction: A longitudinal view of five types of couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 6-15.
Gottman, M. T., & Parkhust, J. T. (1980). A developmental theory of friendship and acquaintanceship processes. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology (pp. 197-253). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Greer, L. L., Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. A. (2008). Conflict transformation: A longitudinal investigation of the relationships between different types of intragroup conflict and the moderating role of conflict resolution. Small Group Research, 39(3), 278-302.
Hackman, J. R., & Lawler, E. E. (1971). Employee reactions to job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology Monograph, 55(3), 259-286.
Hackman, J. R, & Morris, C. G. (1975). Group task, group interaction process, and group performance effectiveness: A review and proposed integration. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.). Advanced in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 45-99). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Hair, J. F. Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson.
Hays, R. B. (1988). Friendship. In S. W. Duck (Ed.). Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research, and interventions, (pp. 391-408). NY:Wiley.
Heaphy, E. D., & Dutton, J. E. (2008). Positive social interactions and the human body at work: Liking organizations and physiology. The Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 137-162.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis:Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
Jaffee, D. (2008). Conflict at work throughout the history of organizations. In C. K. W. De Dreu & M. J. Gelfand (Eds.), The Psychology of Conflict and Conflict Management in Organizations (pp. 55-77). Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Association Publisher.
Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(2), 256-282.
Jehn, K. A. (1997). Qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 530-557.
Jehn, K. A., & Bendersky, C. (2003). Intragroup conflict in organizations: A contingency perspective on the conflict-outcome relationship. Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, 187-242.
Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. (1997). The dynamic of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Manuscript submitted for publication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Jehn, K. A., & Shah, P. P. (1997). Interpersonal relationships and task performance: An examination of mediation processes in friendship and acquaintance groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(4), 775-790.
Kennedy-Moore, E., Watson, J., & Johnson, S. (2000). Expressing Emotion: Myths, Realities, and Therapeutic strategies. The Guilford Press.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). A collective fear of the collective: Implications for selves and theories. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 568-579.
Montanelli Jr, R. G., & Humphreys, L. G. (1976). Latent roots of random data correlation matrices with squared multiple correlations on the diagonal: A Monte Carlo study. Psychometrika, 41(3), 341-348.
Mooney, A. C., Holahan, P. J., & Amason, A. C. (2007). Don't take it personally: Exploring cognitive conflict as a mediator of affective conflict. Journal of Management studies, 44(5), 733-758.
Newcomb, A. F., & Bagwell, C. L. (1995). Children's friendship relations: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 7(7), 306-347.
Nielsen, I. K., Jex, S. M., & Adams, G. A. (2000). Development and validation of scores on a two-dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(4), 628-643.
Pondy, L. R. (1969). Varieties of organizational conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 14, 499-506.
Rispens, S. (2012). The influence of conflict issue importance on the co-occurance of task and relationship conflict in teams. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 61(3), 349-367.
Rispens, S., Greer, L., Jehn, K. A., & Thatcher, S. (2011). Not so bad after all: How relational closeness buffers the association between relationship conflict and helpful and deviant group behaviors. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 4(4), 277-296.
Rossiter, J. R. (2011). Measurement for the social sciences: The C-OAR-SE method and why it must replace psychometrics. Wollongong, Australia. Springer Science & Business Media.
Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all:A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393-404.
Sadri, G., Weber, T. J., & Gentry, W. A. (2011). Empathic emotion and leadership performance:An empirical analysis across 38 countries. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(5), 818-830.
Seers, A. (1989). Team-member exchange quality:A new construct for role-making research, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43, 118-135.
Shah, P. P., Dirks, K. T., & Chervany, N. (2006). The multiple pathways of high performing groups: The interaction of social networks and group processes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 299-317.
Shah, P. P., & Jehn, K. A. (1993). Do friends better than acquaintances?: The interaction of friendship, conflict, and task. Group Decision and Negotiation, 2, 149-165.
Simons, T, L., & Peterson, R, S. (2000). Task conflict and relationship conflict in top management teams: The pivotal role of intragroup trust. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 102-111.
Song, S. H. (2006). Workplace friendship and employees' productivity-lmx theory and the case of the seoul city government. International Review of Public Administration, 11(1), 47-58.
Tavris, C. (1989). Anger: The misunderstood emotion. New York: Touchstone Books / Simon, &Schuster, Inc.
Tidd, S. T., McIntyre, H. H., & Friedman, R. A. (2004). The importance of role ambiguity and trust in conflict perceptions: Unpacking the task conflict to relationship conflict linkage. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 15, 364-380.
Wall, J. A., & Callister, R. R. (1995). Conflict and its management. Journal of Management, 21(3), 515-558.
Yang, J., & Mossholder, K. W. (2004). Decoupling task and relationship conflict: The role of intragroup emotional processing, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 589-605.