ISSN : 1229-0696
The purpose of this study was to examine the fitness of a model that hypothesized the mutual influence between the work-family and family-work conflicts. This study also examined whether these two types of conflicts were directly influenced by involvement, expectation, and social support. Subjects in this study consisted of 159 male and 159 female workers in various organizations. First, EFA was conducted in order to identify factor structure of the measurement variables. Second, LISREL was conducted in order to test the causal relationship among the three predict variables(i.e., involvement, expectation, and social support) and the two criterion variables(Le, work →family and family→woyk conflicts). Finally, t-test was conducted in order to test the sexual difference in work-family conflicts. The results of this study indicated that the model proposed had a moderately good fitness. In addition, it was found that the sexual difference in family→work conflicts did exist Therefore, it may be beneficial to consider the model proposed in this study to alleviate work-family conflicts.
It has been well confirmed among the scholars that attitude toward the ad(A<sub>ad</sub>) substantially influences the formation of brand attitudes (A<sub>b</sub>). 'Salient attribute hypothesis' and 'affect transfer hypothesis' have been generally accepted to explain the mechanism by which A<sub>ad</sub> affects A<sub>b</sub>, but they conflict with each other. While 'salient attribute hypothesis' maintains that the ad itself works as a brand attribute, 'affect transfer hypothesis' insists that feeling responses to the ad is associated with the brand. In this study the authors tried to examine the relative validity of each hypothesis by investigating the correlations between A<sub>ad</sub> and A<sub>b</sub>, which changes with the level of repeated ad exposure. The total of 50 university students participated in the experiment as a group of 5 to 7 subjects. The participants of each group watched 40 TV commercials which were selected randomly from the pool of 400 commercials. After the exposure to the ads, A<sub>ad</sub>, A<sub>b</sub> and level of ad exposure were measured. This experimental procedure repeated twice with one week interval. The results reveal that the correlations between A<sub>ad</sub> and A<sub>b</sub> diminishes during the low ad exposure period and recovers through the period of high ad exposure. This forms an U-shaped curve and it is interpreted as follows: when the ad exposure frequencies are low, the advertisement itself works as 'a salient attribute' of an ad to affect the formation of A<sub>b</sub>, but as the frequency of ad exposure goes up, the effects of salient attributes are diminishing and the 'affect transfer' effects are taking the major role in the formation of A<sub>b</sub>.
A field study was conducted to investigate the difference of factor structures between upward and downward int1uence tactics, the relative frequency of use for the int1uence tactics, the relations of upward inf1uence tactics to agents' personality traits and downward in11uence tactics, and finally the relations of inf1uence tactics to organizational effectiveness. Data were obtained frem1 314 employees across 25 different organizations. Upward inf1uence tactics included 8 factors(ingratiation, rational persuasion, exchange, inspirational appeal, blocking, coalition, consultation, and assertiveness), whereas downward inf1uence tactics included 9 factors(above 8 factors + legitimating). In upward influence attempts, consultation and ingratiation, and rational persuasion were more frequently used while blocking and exchange were less frequently used. In downward influence attempts, consultation and legitimating were more frequently used while blocking and exchange were also less frequently used. Extroversions, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and intellect had positively significant relations with ingratiation, rational persuasion, and inspirational appeal upward inf1uence tactics. Emotional stability was negatively related to blocking and exchange. The use of upward influence tactics was closely related to the use of downward influence tactics. Finally, ingratiation, rational persuasion, inspirational appeal, and consultation were positively significantly related to organizational effectiveness. Implications and limitations of the results and suggestions for future research were discussed.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the interaction effect of goal-performance discrepancy and achievement attribution on task performance. A control theory proposed that as the goal-performance discrepancy increases, the amount of performance in the following trial increases. However, a theory of achievement attribution proposed that if the discrepancy is ascribed to stable causes(e.g., ability. task difficulty, etc.), the expectancy of success and the performance thereafter decreases, and if a failure is ascribed to unstable causes(e.g., effort, luck, etc.), the expectancy of success could change and hence the performance in the following trial would be expected to increase. Thus, the present study hypothesized that if the goal-performance discrepancy is attributed to lack of one's effort, performance increase will be maximized in the medium discrepancy condition, compared to the small or large discrepancy condition. But, if the goal-performance discrepancy is attributed to the .other three causes, performance will not be influenced by the goal-performance discrepancy. Also, it was tested how the expectancy of success and the anticipated self-dissatisfaction affected performance in the next trial. A 4(ability. effort, task difficulty, and luck attribution) × 3(small, medium, and large goal-performance discrepancy) completely randomized factorial experiment was conducted with 156 subjects. Results showed that the goal-performance discrepancy affected task performance only in effort condition, not in other three conditions, as hypothesized. In addition, when subjects ascribed a failure to unstable causes, the expectancy of success and task performance in the next trial were higher than they were when a failure was scribed to stable causes. Finally, the anticipated self-(dis)satisfaction was higher when subjects anticipated a failure due to lack of effort than when a failure was anticipated due to bad luck, and so was task performance.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether consumers average or add attribute information in terms of trade-off process among weight values. In experiment 1 and experiment 2, a wrist watch for durable goods and portable tissues for nondurable goods were selected as experimental products. As usage situations of products, fashion and exercise for a wrist watch and handkerchief and beauty for portable tissues were selected in experiment 1 and 2. As product attributes, design and water-resistance for a wrist watch and softness and the degree of resistance to water for portable tissues were selected in experiment 1. Brand and water-resistance for a wrist watch and brand and the degree of resistance to water for portable tissues were selected in experiment 2. The results showed that consumers averaged product attribute information by changing weight values in all experiment, regardless of product types. Consequently, averaging model would seem to provide a valuable starting point for analyses of consumer cognitive processes.
This study examined the effects of response mode, prior knowledge, and need for cognition on consumers' information acquisition processes. The information acquisition processes included amount of search, variability of search, and search pattern. A 2(response mode: judgment/choice) X 3(prior knowledge: high/middle/low) X 2(need for cognition: high/low) completely randomized factorial design was used. The main findings were as follows: On the amount of search, there was a significant effect for response mode. Subjects searched more information in judgment than in choice. For prior knowledge, it appeared that as knowledge increased, the amount of search also increased. But the effect of prior knowledge differed according to the other variables. For group of high need for cognition in judgment, knowledge was positively related to the amount of search, but in choice, even though marginally significant, there was inverted U shaped relationship between knowledge and information search. For need for cognition, high need for cognition subjects searched significantly more information than low need for cognition. But the effect of need for cognition differed according to the other variables. In judgment, only for group of high knowledge, the effect of need for cognition was significant. In choice, for group of moderate and low knowledge. the effect of need for cognition was marginally significant. On variability of search, a significant effect was found only for response mode. Subjects searched more constantly in judgment than in choice. On search pattern, there were significant effects for response mode and prior knowledge, but not for need for cognition. In judgment, subjects used a more attribute-based search pattern than in choice. As knowledge decreased, subjects tended to use an attribute-based search pattern. Finally, combination of the dichotomized scores on search pattern and variability of search yielded four search modes corresponding to four decision strategies. The frequency under each search mode showed that subjects made a most frequent use of attribute-based/variable mode.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of violating the psychological contract between individual and organization. Four factors were observed from 42 items of individual and organizational obligations selected from previous research. Psychological and material obligations were independently structurized as a factor in each individual and organizational obligations. The violation of organization's psychological obligations in the relational contract group only explained significantly the variance of dependent variables of the affective organizational commitment, trust in organization, and job satisfaction. But in the transactional contract group, the variance of those dependent variables were significantly explained by the violation of organization's material obligations. When individual only violated her/his obligations her/his responses of those dependent variables were significantly higher than when violated reciprocally with organization. The significance and problems of this research were discussed.
This study examined the relative effectiveness of two different frequencies of feedback on work productivity. Under one condition feedback was delivered after every experimental session had been completed and under the other condition feedback was delivered after every fourth session had been completed. In addition, the effectiveness was compared under two different pay systems; hourly and incentive pay systems. Therefore, this study included four different experimental conditions; (1) every session/hourly pay, (2) every session/incentive pay, (3) every fourth session/hourly pay, (4) every fourth session/incentive pay conditions. Forty-two college subjects were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions. Each subject participated in 24 thirty minute sessions. Subjects performed the simulated work task which consisted of computer related activities such as dragging, clicking, and typing. The dependent variable was the number of correctly completed work task. Two-way ANCOV A was adopted to analyze the data using the pretest score as a covariate. The results indicated that the subjects assigned to every session feedback condition produced significantly more than the subjects assigned to every fourth session feedback condition. It was also found that the interaction effect between two independent variables (i.e., feedback frequencies and pay systems) existed. More .specifically, under the incentive pay system the two different frequencies of feedback produced significant difference in performance, but under the hourly pay system they did not. The implications and limitations of these findings were discussed and directions of future research were proposed.