open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
ISSN : 1229-0696
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate knowledge hiding motivation scale. First, in preliminary study, using the open-ended survey research method, 89 cases were collected from 200 employees who were working in a variety of organizations in Korea. After eliminating overlapped and unintended cases of knowledge hiding, 42 cases in five categories(rationalization, ownership, competition, avoidance, and relation) were obtained. Based on the previous theory, we removed one category(rationalization) and constructed 34 items from cases. Then, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis to find out factor structure of knowledge hiding motivation using the responses of 193 employees from a variety of organizations in Korea. After eliminating low factor loading item and double loaded items, 17 items were obtained in the structure of four factors(personal ownership, fear of loss, concern for negative evaluation, and negative relation). Then, we conducted an confirmatory factor analysis using the responses of 300 employees from a variety of organizations in Korea, and found the four factor structure of 17 items was valid. Also, we examined convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity of knowledge hiding motivation scale. In order to examine the convergent validity, we identified the relationship between each subfactor of knowledge hiding motivation and psychological ownership, interpersonal competitiveness, fear of negative evaluation, and negative reciprocity. As a result, personal ownership has a significant correlation with psychological ownership, fear of loss has a significant correlation with interpersonal competitiveness, concern for negative evaluation has a significant correlation with fear of negative evaluation, and negative relation has a significant correlation with negative reciprocity. We examined whether knowledge hiding motivation can be distinguished from other similar constructs such as knowledge sharing intention, knowledge transfer, knowledge sharing, and knowledge hoarding. As a result, we found that knowledge hiding motivation can be well discriminated with knowledge sharing intention, knowledge transfer, knowledge sharing, and knowledge hoarding. In order to testify the criterion-related validity, we examined the relationship between knowledge hiding motivation and knowledge hiding. As a result, we confirmed that knowledge hiding motivation has a significant relationship with knowledge hiding. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed, and the future research directions were suggested.
Aljawarneh, N. M. S., & Atan, T. (2018). Linking tolerance to workplace incivility, service innovative, knowledge hiding, and job search behavior: The mediating role of employee cynicism. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 11(4), 298-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12136
Anderson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 452-471.https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.2202131
Anand, P., & Jain, K. K. (2014). Big five personality types & knowledge hiding behaviour: A theoretical framework. Archives of Business Research, 2(5), 47-56.https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.25.355
Ashforth, B. E., & Lee, R. T. (1990). Defensive behavior in organizations: A preliminary model. Human Relations, 43(7), 621-648. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679004300702
Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Crossley, C. D., & Luthans, F. (2009). Psychological ownership: Theoretical extensions, measurement and relation to work outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(2), 173-191. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.583
Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Palanski, M. E. (2012). Exploring the process of ethical leadership: The mediating role of employee voice and psychological ownership. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(1), 21-34.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1298-2
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Babcock, P. (2004). Shedding light on knowledge management. HR Magazine, 49(5), 46-51. https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/hr-magazine/pages/0504covstory.aspx
Bock, G. W., Zmud, R. W., Kim, Y. G., & Lee, J. N. (2005). Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 87-111. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148669
Bogilović, S., Černe, M., & Škerlavaj, M. (2017). Hiding behind a mask? Cultural intelligence, knowledge hiding, and individual and team creativity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(5), 710-723. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1337747
Boldero, J. M., & Higgins, E. T. (2011). Regulatory focus and political decision making: When people favor reform over the status quo. Political Psychology, 32(3), 399-418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00814.x
Bresman, H., Birkinshaw, J., & Nobel, R. (1999). Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(3), 439-462.https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490078
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258.https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
Cabrera, A., Collins, W. C., & Salgado, J. F. (2006), Determinants of individual engagement in knowledge sharing. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(2), 245-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190500404614
Cai, F., & Wen, N. (2018). The Influence of Individual goal orientation on Innovation behavior from the Perspective of Knowledge Hiding. International Conference on Education, Economics and Management Research, 182(2), 671-676.https://doi.org/10.2991/iceemr-18.2018.161
Carleton, R. N., McCreary, D. R., Norton, P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2006). Brief fear of negative evaluation scale-revised. Depression and Anxiety, 23(5), 297-303.https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20142
Carter, C., & Scarbrough, H. (2001). Towards a second generation of KM? The people management challenge. Education & Training, 43(4), 215-224.https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005483
Černe, M., Hernaus, T., Dysvik, A., & Škerlavaj, M. (2017). The role of multilevel synergistic interplay among team mastery climate, knowledge hiding, and job characteristics in stimulating innovative work behavior. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(2), 281-299. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12132
Černe, M., Nerstad, C. G., Dysvik, A., & Škerlavaj, M. (2014). What goes around comes around: Knowledge hiding, perceived motivational climate, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 57(1), 172-192.https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0122
Choi, B. G. (2002). Eliminate the internal enemies blocking the sharing of knowledge. LG Economic Research Institute Weekly Report, 698. http://www.lgeri.com/report/view.do?idx=1783
Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. Social phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment, 41(68), 69-93.https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470713020.ch8
Connelly, C. E., & Zweig, D. (2015). How perpetrators and targets construe knowledge hiding in organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(3), 479-489. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2014.931325
Connelly, C. E., Zweig, D., Webster, J., & Trougakos, J. P. (2012). Knowledge hiding in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(1), 64-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.737
Connelly, C. E., Černe, M., Dysvik, A., & Škerlavaj, M. (2019). Understanding knowledge hiding in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(7), 779-782. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2407
Cui, Y., Park H. H., & Paik, Y. J. (2016). Individual and organizational antecedents of knowledge hiding behavior. Korean Academic Association of Business Administration, 29(8), 1215-1239.http://doi.org/10.18032/kaaba.2016.29.8.1215
Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2(1), 335-362. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
Gallucci, M., & Perugini, M. (2003). Information seeking and reciprocity: A transformational analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(4), 473-495. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.156
Gooderham, P., Minbaeva, D. B., & Pedersen, T. (2011). Governance mechanisms for the promotion of social capital for knowledge transfer in multinational corporations. Journal of Management Studies, 48(1), 123-150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00910.x
Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25(1), 161-178.https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623
Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. (2000). Knowledge flows within multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 21(4), 473-496.https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200004)21:4<473::AID-SMJ84>3.0.CO;2-I
Griffin-Pierson, S. (1990). The competitiveness Questionnaire: A measure of two components of competitiveness. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 23(3), 108-115. https://doi.org/10.1037/t06562-000
Haas, M. R., & Park, S. (2010). To share or not to share? Professional norms, reference groups, and information withholding among life scientists. Organization Science, 21(4), 873-891. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0500
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280-1300.https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280
Hislop, D. (2003). Linking human resource management and knowledge management via commitment: A review and research agenda. Employee Relations, 25(2), 182-202.https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450310456479
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, A. (2008). Knowledge collaboration among professionals protecting national security: Role of transactive memories in ego-centered knowledge networks. Organization Science, 19(2), 260-276.https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1070.0315
Jarymowicz, M., & Bar-Tal, D. (2006). The dominance of fear over hope in the life of individuals and collectives. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(3), 367-392. https:// doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.302
Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(2), 256-282. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393638
Jeon, H. G., Kim, M. Y. (2013). A study on the factors affecting knowledge sharing in potential competition. Korean Association of Business Education, 28(4), 553-582. http://www. riss.kr/link?id=A104963862
Kark, R., & Van Dijk, D. (2007). Motivation to lead, motivation to follow: The role of the self-regulatory focus in leadership processes. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 500-528. https://doi.org/10.15813/kmr.2017.18.3.002
Kim, H. J., & Shim, D. S. (2018). An antecedent and consequence of knowledge hiding behavior: moderating effect of reciprocity. Korean Journal of Management, 26(2), 1-23. http://doi.org/10.26856/kjom.2018.26.2.1
Kim, N. Y., Jeon, H. G., & Kim, M. Y. (2017). Empirical study of the intention of knowledge hiding and knowledge transfer: A comparative analysis of front-line workers and office workers in a public enterprise. Knowledge Management Research, 18(3), 37-62. https://doi.org/10.15813/kmr.2017.18.3.002
Kim, S. Y. (2016). Basic and extension of structural equation model. Seoul: hakjisa.
Konovsky, M. A., & Pugh, S. D. (1994). Citizenship behavior and social exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 656-669. https://doi.org/10.2307/256704
Koo, H. J., Lee, S. R., Shin, Y. H., & Sohn, Y. W. (2016). Emotional intelligence as a moderator of the relationship between machiavellianism and reciprocity. Korean Social and Personality Psychological Association, 30(1), 23-39.
Labafi, S. (2017). Knowledge hiding as an obstacle of innovation in organizations a qualitative study of software industry. AD-minister, 30(1), 131-148. https://doi.org/10.17230/ad-minister.30.7
Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 371-375.https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167283093007
Lyles, M. A., & Salk, J. E. (1996). Knowledge acquisition from foreign parents in international joint ventures: An empirical examination in the Hungarian context. Journal of International Business Studies, 27(5), 877-903. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490155
Malik, O. F., Shahzad, A., Raziq, M. M., Khan, M. M., Yusaf, S., & Khan, A. (2019). Perceptions of organizational politics, knowledge hiding, and employee creativity: The moderating role of professional commitment. Personality and Individual Differences, 142(1), 232-237.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.005
Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1159-1168.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1159
Molm, L. D., Collett, J. L., & Schaefer, D. R. (2007). Building solidarity through generalized exchange: A theory of reciprocity. American Journal of Sociology, 113(1), 205-242.https://doi.org/10.1086/517900
Pan, W., Zhou, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2016). Does darker hide more knowledge? The relationship between Machiavellianism and knowledge hiding. International Journal of Security and Its Applications, 10(11), 281-292.https://doi.org/10.14257/ijsia.2016.10.11.23
Pan, W., Zhang, Q., Teo, T. S., & Lim, V. K. (2018). The dark triad and knowledge hiding. International Journal of Information Management, 42(5), 36-48.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.05.008
Park, M. S., Mun, H. G. (2001). Knowledge sharing within Organization: Research trends & challenges. Knowledge Management Research, 2(1), 1-23. http://www.riss.kr/link?id= A5027785
Peng, H. (2013). Why and when do people hide knowledge?. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(3), 398-415.https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-12-2012-0380
Perugini, M., & Gallucci, M. (2001). Individual differences and social norms: The distinction between reciprocators and prosocials. European Journal of Personality, 15(S1), S19-S35. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.419
Pierce, J. L. & Jussila, I. (2010). Collective psychological ownership within the work and organizational context: construct introduction and elaboration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(6), 810-834.https://doi.org/10.1002/job.628
Pierce, J. L., Kostova, T. & Dirks, K. T. (2001), Toward a theory of psychological ownership in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 298-310.https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2001.4378028
Pierce, J. L., Kostova, T. & Dirks, K. T. (2003), The state of psychological ownership: Integrating and extending a century of research. Review of General Psychology, 7(1), 84-107.https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.84
Poortvliet, P. M., & Giebels, E. (2012). Self-improvement and cooperation: How exchange relationships promote mastery- approach driven individuals' job outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21(3), 392-425.https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2011.555080
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(8), 741-756.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00022-3
Rhee, Y. W., & Choi, J. N. (2017). Knowledge management behavior and individual creativity: Goal orientations as antecedents and in group social status as moderating contingency. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(6), 813-832. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2168
Rodebaugh, T. L., Woods, C. M., Thissen, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Chambless, D. L., Rapee, R. M., (2004). More information from fewer questions: The factor structure and item properties of the original and brief fear of negative evaluation scale. Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 169-181.https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.16.2.169
Serenko, A., & Bontis, N. (2016). Understanding counterproductive knowledge behavior: antecedents and consequences of intra- organizational knowledge hiding. Journal of Knowledge Management, 20(6), 1199-1224. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-05-2016-0203
Shepsle, K. A., & Weingast, B. R. (1987). The institutional foundations of committee power. American Political Science Review, 81(1), 85-104. https://doi.org/10.2307/1960780
Shin, G. H., Kwag, S. H. (2017). The relationship between knowledge hiding and knowledge sharing: Through determinants of knowledge hiding and knowledge sharing. Knowledge Management Research, 18(2), 129-157.https://doi.org/10.15813/kmr.2017.18.2.007
Simonin, B. L. (1999). Ambiguity and the process of knowledge transfer in strategic alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 20(7), 595-623. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199907)20:7<595:: AID-SMJ47>3.0.CO;2-5
Spender, J. C., & Grant, R. M. (1996). Knowledge and the firm: overview. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 5-9.https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250171103
Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1991). Motivation and work behavior (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Stein, M. B., Jang, K. L., & Livesley, W. J. (2002). Heritability of social anxiety-related concerns and personality characteristics: a twin study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(4), 219-224.https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200204000-00002
Srivastava, A., Bartol, K. M., & Locke, E. A. (2006). Empowering leadership in management teams: Effects on knowledge sharing, efficacy, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), 1239-1251.https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2006.23478718
Tak, J. K. (2007). Psychological testing: Understanding development and evaluation methods. Seoul: Hakjisa.
Tang, P. M., Bavik, Y. L., Chen, Y., & Tjosvold, D. (2015). Linking ethical leadership to knowledge sharing and knowledge hiding: The mediating role of psychological engagement. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 84, 71-76. https://commons. ln.edu.hk/sw_master/3640
Valle, M., & Perrewe, P. L. (2000). Do politics perceptions relate to political behaviors? Tests of an implicit assumption and expanded model. Human Relations, 53(3), 359-386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700533004
Voelpel, S. C., Dous, M., & Davenport, T. H. (2005). Five steps to creating a global knowledge-sharing system: Siemens' ShareNet. Academy of Management Perspectives, 19(2), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2005.16962590
von der Trenck, A. (2015). It’s mine. The role of psychological ownership and territoriality in knowledge hiding. International Conference on Information Systems, Fort Worth, TX. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aee8/f04eed9531c7b513502983da5f41305a3f6e.pdf
Wang, L., Law, K. S., Zhang, M. J., Li, Y. N., & Liang, Y. (2019). It’s mine! Psychological ownership of one’s job explains positive and negative workplace outcomes of job engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(2), 229-246.https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000337
Wang, S., & Noe, R. A. (2010). Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 20(2), 115-131.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.10.001
Wang, Y., Han, M. S., Xiang, D., & Hampson, D. P. (2019). The double-edged effects of perceived knowledge hiding: empirical evidence from the sales context. Journal of Knowledge Management. 23(2), 279-296.https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-04-2018-0245
Wasko, M. M., & Faraj, S. (2005). Why should I share? Examining social capital and knowledge contribution in electronic networks of practice. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 35-57.https://doi.org/10.2307/25148667
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448-457. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027806
Webster, J., Brown, G., Zweig, D., Connelly, C. E., Brodt, S., & Sitkin, S. (2008). Beyond knowledge sharing: Withholding knowledge at work. In Research in personnel and human resources management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 1-37.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-7301(08)27001-5