ISSN : 1229-0688
본 연구에서는 인간의 행복증진, 안녕감 향상 및 우울정도를 경감시킬 목적으로 서양에서 개발되고 효과가 검증된 다양한 긍정심리학적 개입 활동들을 개인주의적 요소들(개인-초점적 요소들)과 집단주의적 요소들(관계-초점적 요소들)로 나누어 둘 중 어느 요소들이 한국 중년여성들의 행복 및 안녕감을 증진시키는데 더욱 효과가 있는지와 둘 중 어느 요소들을 먼저 오도록 배치하는 게 더욱 효과가 있는지 비교 검증하였다. 이를 위해 서울 및 경기 소재 중년 여성들 68명을 대상으로 세 조건(개인-초점적 활동들을 먼저 실시한 조건, 관계-초점적 활동들을 먼저 실시한 조건, 무처치 통제 조건)으로 나누어 행복증진 프로그램을 실시하였고, 사전, 중간, 사후, 추후 네 시점에 거쳐 측정을 하여 최종적으로 61명의 자료를 분석하였다. 자료분석을 위해서는 3(시점) × 3(조건) MANOVA, 일련의 반복측정 ANOVAs, ANCOVAs, Cohen의 d 통계치를 이용한 효과크기 검증이 이루어졌고 효과유지여부를 확인하기 위해서는 2(시점) × 2(조건) MANOVA를 실시하였다. 경험적 검증 결과, 전반적으로 개인-초점적 활동들이 관계-초점적 활동들보다 행복증진에 좀 더 효과가 우세했다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 제한점, 그리고 본 연구의 의의와 추후 연구를 위한 제안점들이 논의되었다.
Most of positive psychological activities devised for happiness-enhancement have been developed in Western culture and tested with Western samples. The goal of current study was to compare the relative effectiveness between individual-focused activities and relationship-focused activities using Korean middle-aged wives. To investigate this, participants were randomly assigned to one of the two different treatment conditions or a no-treatment control condition and finished survey four times. 3(times) × 3(conditions) MANOVA, a series of repeated-measure ANOVAs, ANCOVAs, Cohen's d statistics, and 2(times) × 2(conditions) MANOVA were employed to test the effectiveness of programs. Results of ANCOVAs and comparison of effect sizes indicated that individual-focused activities were more effective than relationship-focused activities. Furthermore, two treatment conditions were more effective in elevating happiness than no-treatment condition. In addition, even four weeks after the completion of treatment, the treatment effect was maintained. Finally, the implications of the current study for future studies are discussed.
강둘순 (2008). 현실요법을 적용한 정신건강증진프로그램이 청소년 우울과 자살생각에 미치는 영향. 경남대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
김명소, 김혜원, 차경호 (2001). 심리적 안녕감의 구성개념: 한국 성인 남녀를 대상으로.한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 15(2), 19-39.
김희라 (2010). 개인 용서상담 프로그램이 위기청소년의 정신건강에 미치는 영향. 인제대학교대학원 박사학위논문.
윤성민, 신희천 (2010). 한국판 긍정심리치료척도의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담및 심리치료, 22(3), 707-732.
이누야마 요시유키 (2009). 주체성 대상성 자기와 긍정적 환상의 관계에 관한 한일비교 연구. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 28(1),115-147.
이영호, 송종용 (1991). BDI, SDS, MMPI-D 척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 10, 98-113.
이은경 (2005). 신경증과 외향성이 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향: 우울과 긍정적 정서의 중요성. 연세대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
임영진 (2010). 성격 강점과 긍정 심리치료가 행복에 미치는 영향. 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
임영희 (2004). 중년 기혼여성의 스트레스와 대처방안에 관한 연구. 경희대학교 행정대학원석사학위논문.
채중민 (2008). 감사하기가 행복감 향상에 미치는효과. 고려대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
황은숙 (2006). 이혼가정 부모교육 프로그램의 개발과 활성화 방안. 숙명여자대학교 대학원박사학위논문.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(1), 53-63.
Boehm, J. K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). The promise of sustainable happiness. In S. J. Lopez(Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed.; pp. 667-677). New York: Oxford University Press.
Boehm, J. K., Lyubomirsky, S., & Sheldon, K. M. (in press). A longitudinal experimental study comparing the effectiveness of happiness-enhancing strategies in Anglo Americans and Asian Americans. Cognition & Emotion.
Cheavens, J. S., Feldman, D. B., Gum, A., Michael, S. T., & Snyder. C. R. (2006). Hope therapy in a community sample: A pilot investigation. Social Indicators Research, 77(1), 61-78.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associations.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. S., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
Dunn, E. W., Aknin, L., & Norton, M. I. (2008). Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science, 319(5870), 1687-1688.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.
Enright, R. D. (2001). Forgiveness is a choice: A step by step process for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 247-270.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention and Treatment, 3, Document available at http://journals.apa.org/prevention.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226.
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045-1062.
Freedman, S. R., & Enright, R. D. (1996). Forgiveness as an intervention goal with incest survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 983–992.
Gable, S. L., Gonzaga, G., & Strachman, A. (2006). Will you be there for me when things go right? Supportive responses to positive event disclosures. Journal of personality and social psychology, 91(5), 904-917.
King, L. A. (2001). The health benefits of writing about life goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(7), 798-807.
Lu, L., Cooper, C. L., Kao, S. F. & Zhou, Y. (2003). Work stress, control beliefs and well-being in Greater China: An exploration of sub-cultural differences between the PRC and Taiwan. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(6), 479-510.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. A., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131.
Otake, K., Shimai, S., Tanaka-Matsumi, J., Otsui, K., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). Happy people become happier through kindness: A counting kindness intervention. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(3), 361-375.
Rashid, T. (2005). Positive psychotherapy inventory. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727.
Ryff, C. D., Lee, Y. H., & Na, K. C. (1993, November). Through the lens of culture: Psychological well-being at mid-life. Paper presented at the meetings of Gerontological Society of America, New Orleans, LA.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press.
Seligman, M. E. P., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 61(8), 774-788.
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410-421.
Sheldon, K. M., Abad, N., Ferguson, Y., Gunz, A., Houser-Marko, L., Nichols, C. P., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2010). Persistent pursuit of need-satisfying goals leads to increased happiness: A 6-month experimental longitudinal study. Motivation and Emotion, 34(1), 39-48.
Suh, E. M., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Triandis, H. C. (1998). The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 482-493.
Yang, K. S. (2000). Mono-cultural and cross-cultural indigenous approaches: The royal road to the development of a balanced global psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3(3), 241-263.
