바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

Korean Journal of Psychology: General

  • KOREAN
  • P-ISSN1229-067X
  • E-ISSN2734-1127
  • KCI

Theoretical Review of the Schema and the Model Concepts in Psychotherapies

Korean Journal of Psychology: General / Korean Journal of Psychology: General, (P)1229-067X; (E)2734-1127
2008, v.27 no.1, pp.91-117


Abstract

There are many people who compare psychotherapy to a journey toward one's inner world. The reason this figurative expression is commonly used is that the patient extensively explore various aspects of his or her self, which are not fully identified before, in the process of psychotherapy. Probably, the construct of self which is not only the object of awareness but also the agency of it has been mostly highlighted in psychology and psychotherapy. In this article, authors reviewed the concepts of 'schema' and 'mode' what are developed respectively to understand or comprehend the construct of self in three major psychotherapies(i.e., Aaron T. Beck's Cognitive Therapy ; Leslie S. Greenberg's Emotion-Focused Therapy ; Jeffrey E. Young's Schema Therapy). In addition, authors discussed the similarities and differences of the suggested concepts. Finally the implications of this study were discussed and further suggestions were made.

keywords
schema, mode, cognitive schema, emotion scheme, early maladaptive schema, splits, 도식, 양식, 인지도식, 정서도식, 초기부적응도식, 분열, schema, mode, cognitive schema, emotion scheme, early maladaptive schema, splits

Reference

1.

권석만 (1998). Beck의 인지치료. 청소년 인지상담, pp. 123-158. 서울: 청소년대화의광장.

2.

권석만 (2006). 위빠사나 명상의 심리치유적 기능. 불교와 심리, 1, 9-49.

3.

민경환 (2002). 성격심리학. 서울: 법문사.

4.

민병배 (2003). 인지치료의 최근동향. 김중술 교수 정년퇴임기념 심포지엄 자료집.

5.

Alford, B. A., & Beck, A. T. (1997). The integrative power of cognitive therapy. NY: The Guilford Press.

6.

American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

7.

Baer, R. A. (2006). Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician's guide to evidence base and applications. NY: Academic Press.

8.

Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. NY: International University Press.

9.

Beck, A. T. (1996). Beyond belief: A theory of modes, personality, and psychopathology. In P. M. Salkovskis (Eds.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 1-25). NY: The Guilford Press.

10.

Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspectives. NY: Basic Books.

11.

Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., & Associates. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. NY: The Guilford Press.

12.

Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., & Davis, D. D. (2004). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. NY: The Guilford Press.

13.

Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. NY: The Guilford Press.

14.

Beck, J. S. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. NY: The Guilford Press.

15.

Beck, J. S. (2005). Cognitive therapy for challenging problems: What to do when the basics don't work. NY: The Guildford Press.

16.

Berne, E. (1961). Transactional analysis in psychotherapy. NY: Grove Press.

17.

Bowlby, J. (1985). The role of childhood experience in cognitive disturbance. In M. J. Mahoney & A. Freeman (Eds.), Cognition and psychotherapy (pp. 181-200). NY: Plenum Publishing Corp.

18.

Bradley, S. J. (2000). Affect regulation and the development of psychopathology. NY: The Guilford Press.

19.

Bradshaw, J. (1988). Healing the shame that binds you. FL: Health Communications.

20.

Butler, A. C., Brown, G. K., Beck, A. T., & Grisham, J. R. (2002). Assessment of dysfunctional beliefs in borderline personality disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(1), 1231-1240.

21.

Cantor, N., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987). Personality and social intelligence. NJ: Prentice-Hall.

22.

Carine, B. E. (1997). Assessing personal and interpersonal schemata associated with Axis II Cluster B personality disorders. Dissertations Abstracts International, 58, 1B.

23.

Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 573-587.

24.

Cloninger, C. R. (2004). Feeling good: The science of well-being. NY: Oxford University Press.

25.

Cloninger, C. R., & Svrakic, D. M. (2000). Personality disorders. In B. J. Sadock & V. A. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (pp. 1723-1764). NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

26.

Eifert, G. H., & Forsyth, J. P. (2005). Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders. CA: New Harbinger Publications.

27.

Epstein, S. (1990). Cognitive-experiential self theory. In L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 165-192). NY: The Guilford Press.

28.

Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1991). Emotional processing: Theory, research, and clinical implications for anxiety disorders. In J. D. Safran & L. S. Greenberg (Eds.), Emotion, psychotherapy, and change (pp. 21-49). NY: The Guilford Press.

29.

Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

30.

Fulton, P. R., & Siegel, R. D. (2005). Buddhist and western psychology: Seeking common ground. In K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 28-53). NY: The Guilford Press.

31.

Gabbard, G. O. (2000). Psychodynamic psychiatry in clinical practice. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

32.

Garfield, S. L. (1983). Clinical psychology: The study of personality and behavior. NY: Aldine Publishing Company.

33.

Greenberg, J, R,, & Mitchell, S. A. (1983). Object relations in psychoanalytic theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

34.

Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. NY: The Guilford Press.

35.

Greenberg, L. S., & Paivio, S. (1997). Working with emotions in psychotherapy. NY: The Guilford Press.

36.

Greenberg, L. S., Rice, L. N., & Elliott, R. (1993). Facilitating emotional change: The moment-by- moment process. NY: The Guilford Press.

37.

Guidano, V. F. (1999). Self-observation in constructivist psychotherapy. In R. A. Neimeyer & M. J. Mahoney (Eds.), Constructivism in psychotherapy (pp. 155-168). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

38.

Guidano, V. F., & Liotti, G. (1983). Cognitive processes and emotional disorders. NY: The Guilford Press.

39.

Hayes, S. C. (2005). Get out of your mind and into your life: The new acceptance and commitment therapy. CA: New Harbinger Publications.

40.

Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. NY: The Guilford Press.

41.

Hyler, S., Rieder, R. O., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. (1987). Personality diagnostic questionnaire-revised. NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute.

42.

Johnson, S. M. (2004). The practice of emotionally focused couple therapy. NY: Brunner-Routledge.

43.

Kelly, G. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. NY: Norton & Co.

44.

Kernberg, O. (1976). Object-relations theory and clinical psychoanalysis. NY: Jason Aronson.

45.

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

46.

Leahy, R. L. (2001). Overcoming resistance in cognitive therapy. NY: The Guilford Press.

47.

Leahy, R. L. (2003). Emotional schemas and resistance. In R. L. Leahy (Eds.), Roadblocks in cognitive behavioral therapy: Transforming challenges into opportunities for change (pp. 91-115). NY: The Guilford Press.

48.

LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain. NY: Simon & Schuster.

49.

LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (2000). Emotional networks in the brain. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 157-172). NY: The Guilford Press.

50.

Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. NY: The Guilford Press.

51.

Luborsky, L. (1984). Principles of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: A manual for supportive-expressive treatment. NY: Basic Books.

52.

Luoma, J. B., & Hayes, S. C. (2003). Cognitive defusion. In W. O'Donohue, J. E. Fisher, & S. C. Hayes (Eds.), Cognitive behavior therapy: Applying empirically supported techniques in your practice (pp. 71-78). NY: John Wiley & Sons.

53.

Luoma, J. B., Hayes, S. C., & Walser, R. D. (2007). Learning ACT: An acceptance and commitment therapy skills-training manual for therapists. CA: New Harbinger Publications.

54.

Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63-78.

55.

McGinn, L. K., & Young, J. E. (1996). Schema-focused therapy. In P. M. Salkovskis (Eds.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 182-207). NY: The Guilford Press.

56.

McWilliams, N. (1999). Psychoanalytic case formulation. NY: The Guilford Press.

57.

Persons, J. B. (1989). Cognitive therapy in practice: A case formulation approach. NY: Norton & Company.

58.

Pervin, L. A. (1996). The science of personality. NY: John Wiley & Sons.

59.

Piaget, J. (1937). The construction of reality in the child. NY: Basic Books.

60.

Pretzer, J. L., & Beck, A. T. (1996). A cognitive theory of personality disorders. In J. F. Clarkin & M. F. Lenzenweger (Eds.), Major theories of personality disorders (pp. 36-105). NY: The Guilford Press.

61.

Rosenberg, M. B. (2003). Nonviolent communication. CA: PuddleDancer Press.

62.

Safran, J. D. (1996). Emotion in cognitive- behavioral theory. In P. M. Salkovskis (Eds.), Trends in cognitive and behavioral therapies (pp. 121-132). NY: John Wiley & Sons.

63.

Safran, J. D. (1998). Widening the scope of cognitive therapy: The therapeutic relationship, emotion, and the process of change. NJ: Jason Aronson.

64.

Safran, J. D., & Greenberg, L. S. (1991). Emotion in human functioning: Theory and therapeutic implications. In J. D. Safran & L. S. Greenberg (Eds.), Emotoin, psychotherapy, and change (pp. 3-18). NY: The Guilford Press.

65.

Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The schema questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schema. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19(3), 295-321.

66.

Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. NY: The Guilford Press.

67.

Shilling, L. E. (1984). Perspectives on counseling theories. NJ: Prentice Hall.

68.

Spradlin, S. E. (2003). Don't let your emotions run your life: How dialectical behavior therapy can put you in control. CA: New Harbinger Publications.

69.

Weishaar, M. E. (1993). Aaron T. Beck. London: Sage Publications.

70.

Whitfield, C. L. (1987). Healing the child within: Discovery and recovery for adult children of dysfunctional families. FL: Health Communications.

71.

Winnicott, D. W. (1965). The maturational process and the facilitating environment. NY: International Universities Press.

72.

Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1990). Young Schema Questionnaire. NY: Cognitive Therapy Center of New York.

73.

Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. NY: The Guilford Press.

74.

Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 171-175.

75.

Zettle, R. D. (2007). ACT for depression: A clinician's guide to using acceptance and commitment therapy in treating depression. CA: New Harbinger Publications.

Korean Journal of Psychology: General