Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-067X
Vol.34 No.1
Abstract
The rapid globalization and the increase of multicultural organizations have made the cross-cultural creativity research more important. However, the studies in this field is still lacking despite the significant environmental change. The present article reviewed previous cross-cultural creativity studies and suggested future research direction. 77%(10 out of 13) of the previous cross-cultural studies showed that the creativity of ‘Western or individualistic culture’ was higher than ‘Asian or collectivistic culture.’ It has been suggested that collectivistic cultures’ peer pressure, cohesiveness and the pursuit for harmony hinders creativity. In contrast, many studies suggested that individualist cultures’ independent self concept and value for autonomy foster creativity. These results, however, may contradict with various Asian creativity evidences such as successful Asian innovative companies. In addition, Asian countries ranked top in the patent and industrial design which are important indirect measures of creativity. Also there was an important limitation among previous studies which was the narrow creativity measurement. Although both novelty and usefulness are the two key factors of creativity, most of the previous cross-cultural creativity research focused on novelty and overlooked usefulness. The Google Ngram Viewer analysis used in this paper supports that this novelty bias is also commonly found in general creativity publications. Lastly, we propose several directions for future cross-cultural creativity research and discuss the optimal creativity intervention between different cultural context.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the tendency of creativity evaluation on self and others (Koreans/foreigners) based on latent classes by self-construal. Implicit theory was used as the criterion of self-evaluation and evaluation on others(Koreans/foreigners). The subjects of this study were 824 Koreans ranging from teens to 50s. First, in order to confirm if self-construal factors suggested by Singelis et al.(1995) appear in identical constructs among Koreans, exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Vertical and horizontal-collectivism were turned out to be one factor of collectivism, vertical-individualism was interpreted as competitive individualism, and horizontal-individualism was divided into individualism emphasizing uniqueness and independent individualism. Second, the result of analysis on latent classes using four factors of adjusted self-construals provided 4 groups, which were low-competitive collectivism group(27.7%), low-uniqueness group(28.9%), low-competitive/high-uniqueness(29.9%) and self-conviction (high-competitive/high-uniqueness/high-independent) group(13.6%). Lastly, the self-conviction group tends to evaluate his/her creativity as higher than, or similar to, that of other people.
Abstract
This study was attempted to comprehensively analyze relationship between intrinsic motivation and creativity through meta-analysis, and investigated whether the relationship is moderated by study settings (organizational setting or academic setting), measurement types of creativity (questionnaire or task), and evaluators of creativity (self-report, other-rating). By searching through database, 39 Korean-samples (N=11,497) were selected for this meta-analysis. Based on Hunter & Schmidt’s (2004) procedure, sampling error and measurement error of individual studies were corrected, and true mean correlation between intrinsic motivation and creativity was estimated. The result suggests that there are strong and positive correlations between intrinsic motivation and creativity. Also the subgroup analysis results indicated that the correlation between intrinsic motivation and creativity was stronger when creativity was measured by using surveys and self-report rather than task-based test and other-rating. This suggest that there could be common method bias by using common tools(questionnaire) or common targets(self-rating) to measure intrinsic motivation and creativity. Finally, the implication, limitation of this study and future research orientation were discussed.
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to explore the interaction of participant’s sex (male and female), personal gender pronoun (e.g. ‘he’ and ‘she’) and emotional evaluation (e.g. positive and negative). Using time-course approach (e.g. SOA 150-1000ms) and primed naming task), in Experiment 1, Participants were presented personal pronoun as primes at SOA 150ms and were asked to respond emotional words which were different in emotional attributes. The results showed that the main effects of personal pronoun were observed and the main effects of emotional words were observed marginally and the interaction effects of personal pronoun and emotional words were also observed. In Experiment 2, Participants were presented personal pronoun as primes at SOA 1000ms and were asked to response emotional words which were differed in emotional attributes. The results showed that the main effects of personal pronoun and emotional words were observed marginally, and the three way interaction effects of participant’s sex, personal gender pronoun and emotional words were observed marginally. Two experiments suggested that male pronoun ‘he’ has positive facilitation effect for emotional evaluation at short SOA, whereas female pronoun ‘she’ has negative inhibition effects at long SOA only for female participants. These results were discussed from a point of view of dynamic processes of social cognition for gender.
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate psychological implications of Korean mother’s tendency to base their feelings of worth contingent on children’s academic performance (i.e., child-based self-worth), on mother’s parenting behaviors and children’s psychological adjustment. The hypothesis is that Korean mother’s child-based self-worth is more of a cultural phenomenon and child-based self-worth itself would not be negatively associated with children’s psychological functioning. Yet, when Korean mother’s child-based self-worth was associated with maladaptive parenting behavior (i.e., psychologically controlling parenting) it was detrimental to their children. In other words, the hypothesis is that psychologically controlling parenting would fully mediate the relationship between child-based self-worth of mothers’ and psychological functioning of children’s. The hypothesis was tested among 315 children from 4~6 grade (M=11.02, SD=.83), and their mothers. Mothers reported child-based self-worth. Mothers and children reported mothers’ psychologically controlling parenting. Children reported on their internalizing behavior problems, and their school teachers reported on externalizing behavior problems of children. The hypothesis was confirmed using structural equation modeling. As predicted, mother’s child-based self-worth itself was not related to children’s internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. However, mother’s child-based self-worth was positively associated with psychologically controlling parenting, and psychologically controlling parenting in turn, predicted children’s behavior problems.
Abstract
The present study proceeded with 3 experiments in order to propose a trustworthy, valid and multi-dimensional criterion for measuring self-esteem. To accomplish such goal, validation of the Korean version of State Self-Esteem Scale (K-SSES), which examines the measurement of short-lived changes in self-esteem was conducted. In study 1, Twenty items originally developed by Heatherton and Polivy (1991) went through a translation and reverse-translation procedure to be adapted prior to data collection and three consecutive studies that support the scales’ validity were presented. Psychometric analyses revealed that the K-SSES has 3 correlated factors: performance, general, and social self-esteem. Statistical analysis revealed that the K-SSES is a reliable and valid measurement for Korean. In study 2 and 3, effects of self-esteem enhancement intervention on K-SSES scores were examined. And it was concluded that the K-SSES is sensitive to these state-like change of self-esteem. Therefore, it was supported that the K-SSES was sensitive enough to measure the change of state self-esteem for Koreans and to distinguish the differences among sub-scales. These results suggest that K-SSES can be used for measuring clinical change in self-esteem and untangling the confounded relation between mood and self-esteem, and so on.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the systematic relationship between intrusive trauma memory and traumna related emotions. Autoregressive Cross-lagged Model (ARCL) was performed to test the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between the two constructs. Results showed that intrusive trauma memory had not a significant effect on trauma related emotions, whereas trauma related emotions(fear, alienation, betrayal) had a significant effect on autobiographical trauma memory. The results of this study implied a focus on trauma related emotions may be important in the counseling process. The limitations of this study were discussed along with suggestions for further research.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze construct validity of the Adolescents Strengths Assessment Inventory(Kim & Tak, 2013). Data were obtained from 33,379 junior and high school students across the country. The whole data were divided into various subgroups to see if the same factor structure is consistently found for each subgroup. These subgroups are as follows: male and female students, junior and high school students, male junior and male high school students, female junior and female high school students. Results showed that the same 20 factors emerged for the whole data as well as for each of the subgroups, except for the male high school students. 19 factors were found for the male high school group. Also, the names of four factors were changed. The interpretations and implications and of the results were discussed.
Abstract
The mouse tracking method can measure not only end products, but also realtime course characteristics of the cognitive process. We tested whether body movements might cause changes in relevant social attitude (i.e., increasing vs. decreasing prejudice against the elderly). In study, an action task (slow vs. fast) was conducted to trigger related implicit attitudes. A mouse tracking method was used to assess mouse trajectory differences between compatible (old + negative, young + positive) and incompatible (old + positive, young + negative) trials. According to the results, implicit prejudice against seniors in the ‘slow’ group was lower than that of the ‘fast’ group. Embodied cognition was discussed regarding cognitive processing style and regulation of social prejudice.
Abstract
With rising life expectancy and ageing populations, there are increasing interests in successful aging. Healthy cognitive function is one of the important components of successful aging and recently many researchers have focused on social engagement as a protective factor of neurocognitive disorders and cognitive decline in old age. This article reviews the literature on protective effects of social engagement on cognitive functions in older adults. The effects of social engagement on cognitive aging were investigated focusing two separate aspects, i. e. social network structure such as size of network, frequency of contact, and level of social activity, and network quality such as social support and conflict. Research findings supported consistently the protective effects of social activity on cognition, while findings on the effects of social network, social support and conflict were inconsistent. Social engagement positively affected cognitive function when the social interaction was cognitively challenging. Social engagement seems to increase cognitive reserve via cognitive stimulation and play protective roles in age-associated cognitive decline. Lastly, the implications of these results for social life in old age and suggestions for future studies were discussed.
Abstract
Various factors contribute to individual differences in reading development. Among these factors, the executive functions (EF) has recently received much interest as the main agent that causes individual variations in reading development. In this review, we examined how EF, especially inhibitory control and switching components of EF, relate to reading abilities from preschool years to school years and beyond. Specifically, we reviewed various measures that have been used to tap into these two sub-components of EF across many studies testing children at various ages, and how these measures relate to which aspects of reading, such as, comprehension, fluency, or emergent literacy skills. Also a review was conducted on the research that reported transfer effect of training designed to improve EF into reading skills and tried to examine direct and indirect routes the EF can influence reading development.
Abstract
Self-regulation is considered as a key factor in behavioral problems and mental health. However, the concept of self-regulation is still subtle, and there are so different definitions and models in a variety of literature in psychology, including clinical psychology. To our knowledge, there is a lack of systematic researches in relation to self-regulation in Korea. We provided an overview of the status of self-regulation research, including major theories, measurement tools and psychological intervention methods. Moreover, we suggested that development of goal-focused self-regulation programme might be needed for enhancement of mental health in general populations as well as patients with clinical disorders.
Abstract
The present study performed a trend and meta analysis on 43 articles published in Korea from the year of 1990 to 2014 exploring the relationship between perfectionism and depression. The trend analysis summarized number of articles by the years of publication, participants, definition of perfectionism, mediating variables, and instruments used, and the main results are as follows: (a) number of published articles drastically increased after the year of 2010, (b) the studies mostly included college students as the participants, while no study was conducted with children, (c) no study attempted to link solely the adaptive aspect of perfectionism and depression, (d) the studies mostly used either correlational analysis or mediation analysis with self-concepts, cognitive-affective variables as potential mediators, and (e) mostly utilized the Frost or Hewitt-Flett scales to measure perfectionism as well as the BDI and CES-D to measure depression. Second, the main results from a meta analysis using the CMA program are as follows: (a) as for the effect sizes by the instruments, a medium effect was identified in the discrepancy dimension of the APS-R, the concerns of mistakes, doubts about action, and parental criticism dimensions of the Frost perfectionism scale, and the socially-prescribed perfectionism dimension of the Hewitt-Flett perfectionism scale, (b) in terms of the effect sizes by the definition of perfectionism, a large effect was detected in maladaptive perfectionism and evaluative concerns perfectionism but not in personal standards perfectionism, and (c) as for ages of the participants, the descending order of effect sizes was adolescents as the first, adults as the second, and college students as the third. This study concludes with discussion of implications and limitations.
Abstract
Consumers like to share their experiences with products and services through a variety of different communication channels. Since the advent of social media, they often communicate with others via social network site, blogs, and other online channels. While previous studies have mainly investigated the antecedents of consumers’ positive word-of-mouth (WOM) intentions and behaviors over social media, it still remains unclear how online communication channels affect consumer behavioral intention such as purchase intention. In this article, a stochastic model is presented to examine the relative effectiveness of online channels in improving marketing performance. The empirical results show that two-way channel has stronger impact on purchase intention than one-way channel.