초록

본 연구는 Wickens 등이 제시한 RPI paradigm을 적용시켜 처리수준 기억모형에서 제시되고 있는 각 정보처리수준의 깊이와 그 위계관계를 검토하기 위하여 두 가지 실험을 하였다. 실험 1에서는 구조적 처리수준과 의미적 처리수준간의 變移에 따라서 RPI현상이 일어나는가를 확인하고, 실험 2에서는 의미적 처리수준내의 몇가지 정보처리 차원간(평가, 능성, 활동성)에도 이러한 RPI현상이 일어나는가를 탐색코자 하였다. 그 결과 (1) 동일 처리수준에서 정보처리가 몇 시행 계속 반복되면 전진금지현상이 일어나고, (2) 정보처리수준의 급속한 變移가 생기면 RPI현상이 나타나며, (3) 이러한 현상은 구조적 처리와 의미적 처리같은 처리수준간 뿐만아니라 의미적 처리수준내의 정보, 처리차원간에도 동일하게 나타나고 있다. 그러나, (4) 처리수준 또는 하위처리차원간의 變移의 방향에 따라 일어나는 RPI율은 차이가 없고 RPI효과는 대칭적인 관계를 보이고 있다. 따라서 (5) 회상량은 처리수준의 깊이나 명세성의 정도같은 요인뿐만 아니라 정보의 처리, 저장, 인출과정에서 작용하는 제반 맥락적 요인의 함수관계에 비추어 검토되어져야 할 것으로 보인다.

Abstract

One of the difficulties of the framework of levels-of-processing approach to memory is associated with the absence of an independent index of processing depth. As an attempt to identify levels of processing and to find a possible index of levels of processing, the release from proactive inhibition (RPI) paradigm was examined within a framework of the levels-of-processing view of memory. Two experiments were undertaken to examine (1) whether a shift in levels of processing (structural-semantic) would produce a RPI, (2) whether a shift in dimensions within a given level of semantic processing (action-potency-evaluation judgement) would produce a RPI, and (3) whether the nature and amount of RPI would be functionally associated with levels of processing. In Experiment 1, two levels (structural and semantic) of processing were included to examine whether a shift in. level of processing would produce a RPI. On Trial 1-3, five words for each trial were exposed one at a time under either structural processing instruction (letter identification) or semantic processing instruction (category judgement). On Trial 4, a shift in level of processing was instructed. On each trial the sbujects were required to recall the stimulus words unexpectedly. Semantic processing produced a significantly higher recall performance than structural processing. The recall performance decreased significantly over trials 1-3. For the data on Trial d, a significant main effect of Shift variable was found, suggesting that a reliable RPI was obtained following a shift in level of processing. le Experiment 2，three processing dimensions within semantic level of processing (active-passive, strong-weak, and pleasant-unpleasant judgement) were included to examine whether a shift in dimension of processing would also produce a RPI. The task and procedure were the same as those for Experiment 1, except for the processing instructions. There was a significant decrease in recall performance over trials 1-3. For the data on Trial 4, there was a significant increase in performance following a shift in dimension of processing. The above findings were discussed with in the levels-of-processing view of memory. It was concluded that the RPI paradigm could be used in order to identify different levels of processing and dimensions within levels of processing. However, further work will be necessary to state whether the direction or degree of RPI following shift in levels of processing is also functionally related with any hierachical ordering of processing levels.

초록

Abstract

This study investigated the organizational cue utilization deficit as a function of test anxiety level. A 2 (cue) x 3 (anxiety) x 3 (testing mode) mixed factorial design employed the experimental material of phrase list developed from the main textbook of subjects' course. The deficit for high test-anxious subjects was generalized to related meaningful and, also, found clearly general occurring for all types of performance measures of the study: The mean performance of high test-anxious subjects tended to be inferior to that of less anxious subjects and their memory were less organized. The retrieval cue was effective only for those subjects who encode superficially and employ more repetitive and less elaboration of structural organization. The results were discussed from an attention as well as arousal-cue-untilization hypothesis.

초록

Abstract

A son preference attitude scale of Thurstone-type was administered to two groups of college freshmen, one group receiving Form A and the other group receiving Form B of the scale. The two forms differed only in the order of 31 attitude statements. Each group was retested on the same form about two weeks later. For Form A 55 subjects completed both sessions and for Form B 54 did so. The three independent components making up the total sum of squares of an endorsement set (3m endorsements given to a particular item by the n subjects who endorsed that particular item in one of his three endorsements permitted) were calculated and the resulting three mean squares were correlated, variously, to item scale value, item popularity, item ambiguity, and between testings and between forms. The between-subjects mean square which is defined as item sensitivity showed a statistically significant test-retest reliability in both samples. The inter-form reliability was also statistically significant for between-subjects mean square but not for within-subject mean square. These results were interpreted as indicating that between-subjects mean square (item sensitivty) measures item characteristics unique to the item uninfluenced by other items in the scale while within-subject mean square measures item characteristics of an item that are influenced by neighboring items (statements) in the scale. It was also found that on the average the between-subjects sum of squares occupies approximately 25% of the total sum of square of an endorsement. Since the remaining portion of the total sum of squares do not measure item characteristics unique to an item and/or measure unique characteristics not useful for selecting items in the second stage of scale construction, it was maintained that item sensitivity is a useful item index which does away with the remaining 1^% which contains noise as far as item selection is concerned and that item sensitivity is a more useful and precise substitute for Thurstone's test of irrelevance which basically relies upon the total variance of an endorsement set.

초록

歸因이 解釋, 比較 및 選擇의 세 段階를 거쳐 이루어진다는 段階模型(stage model)을 제기하고 그 豫言들을 검증하였다. 學齡前, 國民學校 1年 또는 3年生에게 가상적인 이야기를 들려주고 두 主人公 중 더 강한 內的 原因에 의해 행동한 主人公을 택하도록 하였다. 세 實験의 結果들은 解釋段階에는 報償解釋과 命令의 正當化가, 比較段階에는 周邊人物要因들이 각기 영향을 주고 있음을 보였다. 특히 周邊人物과 命令의 正當化 變因간에 相互作用이 없었는데 이 결과는 이들이 각기 다른 단계에 영향을 줄 가능성을 시사한다. 學齡前兒童의 過半數 以上이 節減原理를 사용해 他人의 行動原因을 推定하고 있음이 드러났는데 이 결과는 자극이야기를 달리 사용했을 때도 일관되게 관찰되었다. 實驗 I과 II를 통해 學齡前兒童들이 比較段階에서 착한 아이의 判斷때문에 체계적 절감효과를 보이지 못함을 시사하는 결과를 얻었다.

Abstract

A stage model was developed as a conceptual framework to explore limitations in the kindergartners' causal attribution. It was assumed in this model that a prevailing cause of a particular behavior is inferred through a series of stages: Interpretation of relevant information, comparison of actors with different causes, and selection of a particular actor. Predictions generated from this model were tested in the Smith paradigm (1975), using kindergartners and primary school children. Results obtained, in particular, patterns of interaction among variables indicated that perception of reward and justification of order influence the interpretation stage whereas type of a person who suggests an actor to do a certain thing affects the comparison stage. A decison made as to who is really a good actor (child) also seems to affect the latter stage. Furthermore, more than 70% of the kindergartners employed in the present study showed the discounting effect. Contrary to the results of the previous studies, only less than 5% of the kindergartners revealed the assimilation effect. These findings were obtained in three experiments with different stimulus stories as well as child subjects differing in socioeconomic backgrounds.