ISSN : 1229-067X
An investigative interview of children has an imperative and critical responsibility in the context of children's testimony and it often determines how the rest of the investigation proceeds in the legal system. Consequently, concrete structures and systematic contents are required for appropriate as well as scientific investigative interview of children. Yet, unfortunately, there have been only a few articles published regarding training procedures that have methodical support and confirmed effectiveness for investigative interviewers of children in Korea. Thus, this paper offered to provide comprehensive information of a series of stages involved in training investigative interviewers of children which included a stage of building positive environment, a learning stage, a stage for open-discussion, and a stage for wrapping up. In addition, the structures of an individual and group interview feedback and the criterions for an ideal interview feedback were introduced. Ultimately, the goals of this paper were to emphasize the necessity of effective and systematized training procedures based on the results of scientific researches examining the most effective training methods for investigative interviewers for them to facilitate interviews of high standard and to recognize the importance of a continuous training throughout their professional careers as investigative interviewers. It was also discussed that everyone on the team including administrators and managers who work in the related fields needs to perceive the importance of continuous effective training for investigative interviewers of children to attain the most reliable testimony.
경찰백서 (2013). 경찰청, p162.
경찰청 (2013, 09). 아동․청소년 대상 성폭력 피해 현황 보고 자료. http://beauty. hankooki.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=14396
권창국 (2009). 성폭력범죄 피해아동 진술의 신뢰성 판단과 피고인의 반대신문권. 형사정책, 21(2), 63-94.
김시업, 전우병, 김미영 (2006). 효율적인 수사면담을 위한 단축형 인지면담 개발. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 20(10), 21-38.
김종오 (2007). 성범죄 사건에 있어서 과학수사기법의 적용에 관한 연구. 한국경찰학회보, 14, 105-132.
김태경, 윤성우, 서민재, 김경옥, 한은미 (2013). 성폭력 범죄피해 아동, 장애인을 위한 진술조력인의 한국형 역할 모델. 피해자학연구, 21(2), 193-213.
민유숙 (2009). 아동피해자진술의 평가에 관한 법원의 관점. 범죄심리사자격관리위원회 공동심포지움 발표논문집, 49-60.
이미정 (2009). 아동성폭력 전담수사제의 효율적 대안에 관한 연구. 경찰연구논집, 4, 47-71.
이수정 (2009). 아동 대상 성범죄 조사절차의 미비점 및 개선방안 연구: 진술타당성 분석(Statement Validity Analysis)의 형사사법적 활용가능성. 한국경찰연구, 8(3), 141-172.
이수정 (2010). 아동 성폭력 피해 진술에 대한 신빙성 분석도구들의 타당도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 24(2), 105-117.
이승진 (2012). 아동 수사면담시 라포형성의 중요성에 관한 고찰: 국외 아동 증언 연구를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 26(1), 75-86.
정성훈 (2010). 아동성폭력범죄에 대한 경찰수사체제 개선방안 연구. 원광대학교 행정대학원 학위논문.
조은경 (2010). 성폭력 피해 아동 진술신빙성 평가의 한계와 전망. 피해자학연구, 18(2), 47-60.
황은영 (2010). 수사실무에서 아동 피해자 조사의 문제점과 개선 방안. 피해자학연구, 18(2), 62-81.
Akehurst, L., Koehnken, G., & Hoefer, E. (2001). Content credibility of accounts derived from live and video presentations. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 6, 65-83.
Baker-Ward, L., Gordon, B. N., Ornstein, P. A., Larus, D. M., & Clubb, P. A. (1993). Young children’s long-term retention of a pediatric examination. Child Development, 64, 1519-1533.
Bjorklund, D., Bjorklund, B., Brown, R., & Cassel, W. (1998). Children’s susceptibility to repeated questions: How misinformation changes children’s answers and their minds. Applied Developmental Science, 2, 99-111.
Brown, D. A. (2011). The use of supplementary techniques in forensic interviews with children. In M. E. Lamb, D. J. La Rooy, L. C. Malloy, & C. Katz (Eds.), Children’s testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice (2nd ed.) (pp. 217-249). New York: Wiley.
Ceci, S. J., & Crotteau-Huffman, M. L. (1997). How suggestible are preschool children? Cognitive and social factors. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 948–958.
Cederborg, A. C., Orbach, Y., Sternberg, K. J., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Investigative interviews of child witnesses in Sweden. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 1355-1361.
Cyr, M., Lamb, M. E., Pelletier, J., Leduc, P., & Perron, A. (2006, July 5–7). Assessing the effectiveness of the NICHD Investigative Interview protocol in Francophone Quebec. Paper presented at the Second International Investigative Interviewing Conference, Portsmouth, UK.
Dion, J., & Cyr, M. (2008). The use of the NICHD Protocol to enhance the quantity of details obtained by children with low verbal abilities in investigative interviews: A pilot study. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 17, 144-162.
Finlayson, L. M., & Koocher, G. P. (1991). Professional judgment and child abuse reporting in sexual abuse cases. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 464-472.
Fisher, R. P., Brennan, K. H., & McCauley, M. R. (2002). The cognitive interview method to enhance eyewitness recall. In M. Eisen, G. Goodman, & J. Quas (Eds.), Memory and suggestibility in the forensic interview (pp. 265- 286). Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Hershkowitz, I., Fisher, S., Lamb, M. E., & Horowitz, D. (2007). Improving credibility assessment in child sexual abuse allegations: The role of the NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 99-110.
Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Katz, C., & Malloy, L. C. (2013). Does enhanced rapport-building alter the dynamics of investigative interviews with suspected victims of intra-familial abuse?. Journal Of Police And Criminal Psychology, doi:10.1007/ s11896-013-9136-8
Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., & Esplin, P. W. (1997). The relationships among interviewer utterance type, CBCA scores, and the richness of children’s responses. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 2, 169-176.
Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., & Horowitz, D. (2006). Dynamics of forensic interviews with suspected abuse victims who do not disclose abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 753-769.
Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., & Horowitz, D. (2001). The effects of mental context reinstatement on children’s accounts of sexual abuse. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 235-248.
Horner, T. M., Guyer, M. J., & Kalter, N. M. (1993a). Clinical expertise and the assessment of child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 925-931.
Horner, T. M., Guyer, M. J., & Kalter, N. M. (1993b). The biases of child sexual abuse experts: Believing is seeing. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 21, 281-292.
Hudson, J. A., Fivush, R., & Kuebil, J. (1992). Scripts and episodes: The development of event memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6, 483-505.
Jackson, H., & Nuttall, R. (1993). Clinician responses to sexual abuse allegations. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17, 127-143.
Jackson, J. L. (1996). Truth or fantasy: The ability of barristers and laypersons to detect deception in children’s testimony. Paper presented at the AP-LS Biennial Conference, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.
Köhnken, G., Milne, R., Memon, A., & Bull, R. (1999). The cognitive interview: A meta- analysis. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 5, 3-27.
Katz, C., & Hershkowitz, I. (2010). The effect of drawing on the richness of accounts provided by alleged victims of child sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 15, 171-179.
Katz, C., Hershkowitz, I., & Lamb, M. E. (2010). Enhancing abuse disclosure by reluctant children: A test of the revised NICHD protocol. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology Lay Society, Vancouver, Canada, March 2010.
Lamb, M. E., & Fauchier, A. (2001). The effects of question type on self-contradictions by children in the course of forensic interviews. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 483-491.
Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., & Esplin, P. W. (2008). Tell Me What Happened: Structured Investigative Interviews of Child Victims and Witnesses. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Sternberg, K. J., Esplin, P. W., Hovav, M., Manor, T., & Yudilevitch, L. (1996). Effects of investigative utterance types on Israeli children’s responses. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19, 627-637.
Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Esplin, P. W., & Horowitz, D. (2007). Structured forensic interview protocols improve the quality and informativeness of investigative interviews with children: A review of research using the NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 1201- 1231.
Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Sternberg, K. J., Aldridge, J., Pearson, S., Stewart, H. L., Esplin, P. W., & Bowler, L. (2009). Use of a structured investigative protocol enhances the quality of investigative interviews with alleged victims of child sexual abuse in Britain. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23, 449-467.
Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Warren, A. R., Esplin, P. W., & Hershkowitz, I. (2006). Getting the most out of children: Factors affecting the informativeness of young witnesses. In M. P. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. F. Ross, & R. C. L. Lindsay (Eds.), Handbook of eyewitness psychology. Memory for events (pp. 423-446). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Esplin, P. W., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., & Hovav, M. (1997). Criterion-based content analysis: A field validation study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 255-264.
Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Orbach, Y., Aldridge, J., Bowler, L., Pearson, S., & Esplin, P. W. (2006, July 5-7). Enhancing the quality of investigative interviews by British police officers. Paper presented at the Second International Investigative Interviewing Conference, Portsmouth, UK.
Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Orbach, Y., Esplin, P., & Mitchell, S. (2002). Is ongoing feedback necessary to maintain the quality of investigative interviews with allegedly abused children?. Applied Developmental Science, 6, 35-41.
Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Horowitz, D., & Esplin, P. W. (2002). The effects of intensive training and ongoing supervision on the quality of investigative interviews with alleged sex abuse victims. Applied Developmental Science, 6, 114- 125.
Leichtman, M. D., & Ceci, S. J. (1995). The effects of stereotypes and suggestion on preschoolers' reports. Developmental Psychology, 31, 568-578.
Lyon, T. D. (1999). The new wave in children’s suggestibility research: A critique. Cornell Law Review, 84, 1004-1087.
Memon, A., Wark, L., Holley, A., Bull, R., & Köhnken, G. (1996). Reducing suggestibility in child witness interviews. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 503-518.
Oates, K., & Shrimpton, S. (1991). Children’s memories for stressful and non-stressful events. Medical Science and Law, 31, 4-10.
Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Esplin, P. W., & Horowitz, D. (2000). Assessing the value of structured protocols for forensic interviews of alleged child abuse victims. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 733-752.
Orbach, Y., & Lamb, M. E. (2007). Young children’s references to temporal attributes of allegedly experienced events in the course of forensic interviews. Child Development, 78, 1100-1120.
Plotnikoff, J., & Woolfson, R. (2009). Measuring up? Evaluating implementation of Government commitments to young witnesses in criminal proceedings. NSPCC: London.
Poole, D. A., & Lindsay, D. (1998). Assessing the accuracy of young children’s reports: Lessons from the investigation of child sexual abuse. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 7, 1-26.
Quas, J. A. & Sumaroka, M. (2011). Consequences of Legal Involvement on Child Victims of Maltreatment. In M. E. Lamb, D. J. La Rooy, L. C. Malloy, & C. Katz (Eds.), Children’s testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice (2nd ed.) (pp. 323-350). New York: Wiley.
Schneider, W., & Bjorklund, D. F. (1998). Memory. In W. Damon, D. D. Kuhn, & R. S. Siegler (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition, perception, and language (5th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 467-521). New York: Wiley.
Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Davies, G. M., & Westcott, H. L. (2001). The memorandum of good practice: Theory versus application. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 669-681.
Stewart, H., Katz, C., & La Rooy, D. J. (2011). Training forensic interviewers. In M. E. Lamb, D. J. La Rooy, L. C. Malloy, & C. Katz (Eds.), Children's Testimony: A Handbook of Psychological Research and Forensic Practice (pp. 199-216). Wiley-Blackwell.
Vrij, A., & Van Wijngaarden, J. J. (1994). Will truth come out? Two studies about the detection of false statements expressed by children. Expert evidence: The International digest of Human Behavior, Science and Law, 3, 78-84.
Walker, N. E., Lunning, S., & Eilts, J. L. (1996). Do children respond accurately to forced choice questions? Yes or no. Paper presented at Recollections of Trauma: Scientific Research and Clinical Practice, NATO Advanced Study Institute, Port de Bourgenay, France.
Walters, S., Holmes, L., Bauer, G., & Vieth, V. (2003). Finding Words: Half a nation by 2010: Interviewing children and preparing for court. Alexandria, VA: National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse.
Wells, G. L., & Loftus, E. F. (1991). Commentary: Is this child fabricating? Reactions to a new assessment technique. In J. Doris (Ed.), The suggestibility of children’s recollections (pp. 168- 171). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.