ISSN : 1229-0696
In this paper, optimal experience that enhances positive affect and life satisfaction was explored based on the previous findings that defensive mechanism such as psychological detachment and relaxation does not promote positive affect but mastery experience does. Also the work-related factors and non-work-related factors among optimal experience were compared in terms of their influences on the arousal of positive affect. Lastly, the mediating effect of sleep quality on optimal experience was examined. The survey data were gathered from 142 conglomerate employees and work flow and leisure satisfaction were suggested as recovery mechanisms since each represents optimal experience in the work-related domain and non-work- related domain. In the first correlational analysis, psychological detachment and relaxation were negatively associated with negative affect whereas no significant correlation with positive affect was found, which was consistent with the previous findings. Work flow and leisure satisfaction were positively associated with positive affect while they are negatively associated with negative affect. In the hierarchical regression analysis, work flow and leisure satisfaction were compared in terms of their impacts on individuals’ affect. Predicting positive affect, work flow was the only significant predictor of the positive affect experienced next morning even when sex, age, school, usual positive/negative affect, and work satisfaction were controlled. Sleep quality significantly mediated the relation between work flow and positive affect experienced in the next morning. The result suggests that optimal experience such as work flow promotes a positive change not only in the affective level but also in the physiological level. The implications and limitations of this study and the directions for the future research were discussed.
종욱, 류 철 (2005). 분배, 공식절차 및 상호작용 공정성이 호텔종사자의 직무만족, 조직몰입 및 상사신뢰에 미치는 상대적 영향력에 대한 연구. 관광학연구, 28(4),193-212
김정민 (2007). 커플 유사성이 관계 만족도에 미치는 영향. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
문화체육관광부, 한국문화관광연구원 (2008). 여가백서
박근수, 유태용 (2007a). 한국형 일몰입 척도 개발 및 타당화 연구. 한국심리학화지: 산업 및 조직, 20(2), 81-112.
박근수, 유태용 (2007b). 일몰입의 선행변인 및 결과변인에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 20(3), 219-251.
Armitage, R., Trivedi, M., Hoffmann, T., & Rush, A. (1997). Relationship between objective and subjective sleep measures in depressed patients and healthy controls. Depression and Anxiety, 5, 97-102.
Bakker, A. B. (2005). Flow among music teachers and their students: The crossover of peak experiences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 26-44.
Bakker, A. B. (2007). The work-related flow inventory: Construction and initial validation of the WOLF. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 400-414.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173- 1182.
Beard, J., & Ragheb, M. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 12, 20-33.
Benson, H. (1975). The relaxation response. New York: Morrow.
Binnewies, C., Sonnentag, S., & Mojza, E. (2009). Daily performance at work: Feeling recovered in the morning as a predictor of day-level job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 67-93.
Bloom J., Kompier, M., Geurts, S., Weerth, C., Taris, T., & Sonnentag, S. (2009). Do we recover from vacation? Meta-analysis of Vacation effects on health and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health, 51, 13-25.
Brayfield, A., H., & Rothe, H., F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307-311.
Burger, J. M. (1989). Negative reactions to increases in perceived personal control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 246-256.
Buysse, D., Reynolds 3rd, C., Monk, T., Berman, S., & Kupfer, D. (1989). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193-213.
Craig, A., & Cooper, R.E. (1992). Symptoms of acute and chronic fatigue. In A. P. Smith, & D. M. Jones (Eds.), Handbook of human performance, Vol 3: State and trait (pp.289- 339). San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York: HarperCollins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 815-822.
De Bloom, J., Kompier, M., Geurts, S., de Weerth, C., Taris, T., & Sonnentag, S. (2009). Do we recover from vacation? Meta- analysis of vacation effects on health and well- being. Journal of Occupational Health, 51, 13-25.
Eden, D. (2001). Vacations and other respites: Studying stress on and off the job. In C. L. Cooper, & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 16, pp. 121-146). New York: Wiley.
Etzion, D., Eden, D., & Lapidot, Y. (1998). Relief from job stressors and burnout: Reserve service as a respite. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 577-585.
Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2005). Recovery, health, and job performance: Effects of weekend experiences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 187-199.
Fuller, J. A., Stanton, J. M., Fisher, G.G., Spitzmueller, C., Russel, S. S., & Smith, P.C. (2003). A lengthy look at the daily grind: Time series analyses of events, mood, stress, and satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 1019-1033.
Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., & Elliot, A. J. (2000). Behavioral activation and inhabitation in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1135-1149.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1998). Stress, culture, and community: The psychology and physiology of stress. New York: Plenum Press.
Kleiber, D., Larson, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1986). The experience of leisure in adolescence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 169 -176.
Krystal, A., & Edinger, J. (2008). Measuring sleep quality. Sleep Medicine, 9, S15-S17.
Larson, R. (1989). Is feeling “in-control” related to happiness in daily life? Psychological Reports, 64, 775-784.
Lavidor, M., Weller, A., & Babkoff, H. (2003). How sleep is related to fatigue. British Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 95-105.
Lazarus, R., S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. NewYork: Springer.
Lundberg, U., Marberg, B., & Frankenhaeuser, M. (1994). The total workload of male and female while collar workers as related to age, occupational level and number of children. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 35, 315-327.
Massimini, F., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Carli, M. (1987). The monitoring of optimal experience: A tool for psychiatric rehabilitation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 545-549.
Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P.J.D. Drenth, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational, Vol 2: Work psychology (2nd ed., pp. 5-33). Hove, England: Psychology Press/Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis.
Meijman, T. F., Mulder, G., van Dormolen, M., & Cremer, R. (1992). Workload of driving examiners: A psychological field study. London: Taylor & Francis.
Moneta, G. B., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). The effect of perceived challenges and skills on the quality of subjective experience. Journal of personality, 64(2), 275-310.
Nakamura, J. (1988). Optimal experience and the uses of talent. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness (pp. 319-326). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pilcher, J. J., Ginter, D., R., & Sadowsky, B. (1997). Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: Relationship between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students. Journal of psychosomatic research, 42, 583-596.
Pilcher, J. J., & Huffcutt, A. I. (1996). Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: A meta-analysis. Sleep, 19(4), 318-326.
Scott, B. A., & Judge, T. A. (2006). Insomnia, emotions, and job satisfaction: A multilevel study. Journal of Management, 32(5), 622-645.
Sonnentag, S. (2001). Work, recovery activities, and individual well-being: A diary study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(3), 196-210.
Sonnentag, S., & Bayer, U.-V. (2005). Switching off mentally: Predictors and consequences of psychological detachment from work during off-job time. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 393-414.
Sonnentag, S., Binnewies, C., & Mojza, E. (2008). “Did you have a nice evening?” A day-level study on recovery experiences, sleep and affect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 674-684.
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). The recovery experience questionnaire: Development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 204-221.
Sonnentag, S., & Kruel, U. (2006). Psychological detachment from work during off-job time: The role of job stressor, job involvement, and recovery-related self-efficacy. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15, 197-217.
Sonnentag, S., & Zijlstra, F. (2006). Job characteristics and off-job activities as predictors of need for recovery, well-being, and fatigue. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 330-350.
Spiers, A., & Walker, G. (2009), The effects of ethnicity and leisure satisfaction on happiness, peacefulness, and quality of live. Leisure Sciences, 31(1), 84-99.
Totterdell, P., Reynolds, S., Parkinson, B., & Brinner, R. B. (1994). Associations of sleep with everyday mood, minor symptoms and social interaction experience. Sleep, 17, 466-475.
Trenberth, L., & Dewe, P. (2002). The importance of leisure as a means of copint with work related stress: Am exploratory study. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 15(1), 59-72.
Tucker, P., Dahlgren, A., Akerstedt, T., & Waterhouse, J. (2008). The impact of free-time activities on sleep, recovery and well-being. Applied Ergonomics, 39, 653-662.
Watson, D. (1988). Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: Their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1020-1030.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measure of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scale, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
Wells, A. (1988). Self-esteem and optimal experience. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience (pp. 327-341). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Westman, M., & Eden, D. (1997). Effects of a respite from work on burnout: Vacation relief and fade-out. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 516-527.
Wilnesky, H. L. (1960). Work, careers, and social integration. International Social Science Journal, 12, 543-560.
Winwood, P., Bakker, A., & Winefield, A. (2007). An investigation of the role of non-work-time behavior in buffering the effects of work strain. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49(8), 862-871.
Zoerink, D.A. (2001). Exploring the relationship between leisure and health of senior adults with orthopedic disabilities living in rural areas. Activities, Adaptation, and Aging, 26, 61- 74.