바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

Harmonizing dependency and independence: The ambidextrous effects of transformational leadership and mediating role of trust and perceived control

Abstract

Transformational leadership produces ambidextrous effects: followers' dependence on leaders and independent competence. These two effects represent affective and cognitive aspects of psychological process in the functioning of transformational leadership. This study examined the mediating role of trust and perceived control as the link between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. With analysis of data from 1,136 employees using structural equation modeling(SEM), we tested the hypothetical model explaining the structural relationships among the variables and interpreted the fitness and robustness of the suggested model. The results showed that (1) trust partially mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment, and (2) the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment was also partially mediated by perceived control. The results suggest that transformational leaders need to harmonize both dependency and independence of followers. The implications and the directions for future studies were also discussed.

keywords
변혁적 리더십, 의존성과 주도성, 신뢰, 지각된 통제, 조직몰입, Transformational leadership, Dependency and independence, Trust, Perceived control, Organizational commitment

Reference

1.

고성돈, 송병식 (2001). 변혁적 리더십이 구성원의 임파워먼트와 조직 유효성에 미치는 영향에 관한 실증적 연구. 경영학연구, 23, 415-439.

2.

김명언 (2000). 한국 기업조직에서 부하가 갖는 상사에 대한 신뢰와 불신의 기반. 한국 심리학회 추계 학술대회 발표 논문.

3.

김민선, 서영석 (2009). 평가염려 완벽주의와 사회불안과의 관계: 부정적 평가에 대한 두려움과 자기제시동기의 매개효과. 한국 심리학회지: 일반, 28, 525-545.

4.

박영석, 조용주 (1999). 거래적 리더십과 변혁적 리더쉽이 부하의 작업동기에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 12, 1-21.

5.

유승동 (2001). 변혁적 리더십과 임파워먼트의 관계: 신뢰의 매개역할. 인사관리연구, 24, 193-218.

6.

유영식, 심덕섭, 양동민, 허영호, 박성수 (2009). 변혁적 리더십과 역할행동, 조직시민행동 및 혁신행동 간의 관계에 대한 심리적 임파워먼트의 매개효과. 인적자원관리연구, 16, 107-127.

7.

이명숙, 김정남 (2005). 지각된 통제감과 정서적 안녕감의 관계에서 수용성의 조절효과: 비타민 모델 검증. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 18, 525-545.

8.

이승윤, 박혜원, 배종훈, 문형구 (2008). 조직 내 활력관계(Energizing Relationshipl)의 결정 요인에 관한 탐색적 연구. 인사․조직연구, 16, 95-128.

9.

이재훈, 최익봉 (2004). 조직 공정성, 신뢰 조직 유효성간의 관련성에 관한 연구. 인사 ․조직 연구, 2, 93-132.

10.

임준철, 윤정구 (1999). 부하에 의해 인지된 상사의 변혁적 및 거래적 리더십이 부하의 혁신 성향에 미치는 영향. 자기 권능감(Self-Efficacy)의 매개역할을 중심으로. 인사․조직연구, 7, 1-42.

11.

임효창, 김오현, 정무관 (2008). 변혁적 리더십과 성역할 정체감이 구성원의 리더에 대한 신뢰와 태도에 미치는 영향. 인적자원관리연구, 15, 151-174.

12.

조임현, 유동근 (2000). 집단 수준에서 변혁적 리더십 및 집단 효능성과 집단성과의 관계에 관한 연구. 한국경영과학회지, 25, 105-124.

13.

탁진국, 장종순 (2003). 거래적 및 변혁적 리더십의 효과: 일선 소대장을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 16, 47-60.

14.

Aryee, S., Budhwar, P. S., & Chen, Z. X. (2002). Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: test of a social exchange model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 267-285.

15.

Avolio, B. J. Waldman, D. A., & Einstein, W. O. (1988). Transformational leadership in a management game simulation, Group and Organizations Studies, 13, 59-80.

16.

Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.

17.

Bass, B. M. (1995). Transformational leadership redux. Leadership Quarterly, 6: 463-478.

18.

Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership: A response to critiques. In M. M. Chemers, & R. Ayman (Eds). Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions: 49-80. San Diego, CA: Academy Press.

19.

Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

20.

Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J. Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 207-218.

21.

Bennis, W., & Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. New York: Harper & Row.

22.

Boss, R. W. (1978). Trust and managerial problem solving revisited. Group and Organizational Studies, 3, 331-342.

23.

Breaugh, J. A., & Becker, A. S. (1987). Further examination of the work autonomy scales: Three studies. Human Relations, 40, 381-400.

24.

Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.

25.

Bycio. P., Allen, J. S., & Hackett, R. D. (1995). Further assessment of Bass's (1985) conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 468-478.

26.

Conger, J. A. (1999). Charismatic and transformational leadership in organizations: An insider's perspective on these developing streams of research. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 145-179.

27.

Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The Empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13, 471-482.

28.

Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic leadership in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

29.

Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need fulfillment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 39-52.

30.

Cummings, L. L., & P. Bromiley. (1996). The Organizational trust inventory(OTI): Development and validation. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.). Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research: 302-329. London: Sage Publications.

31.

Deci, E. L., Nezlek, J., & Sheinman, L. (1981). Characteristics of the rewarder and intrinsic motivation of the rewardee. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 1-10.

32.

Dvir, T., Eden, D, & Avolio, B. J. (2002). Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 735-744.

33.

Edmonson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350-383.

34.

Eisenberger, R., Rhoades, L., & Cameron, J. (1999). Does pay for performance increase or decrease perceived self-determination and intrinsic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1026-1040.

35.

Foster-Fishman, P. G., & Keys, C. B. (1997). The person/environment dynamics of employee empowerment: An organizational culture analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 345-369.

36.

Fu, P., Tsui, A., Liu, J., & Li, C. (2010). Pursuit of whose happiness? Executive leaders' transformational behaviors and personal values. Administrative Science Quarterly, 55, 222-254.

37.

Gambetta, D. (1988). Can we trust? In D. Gambetta (Ed.). Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations: 213-237, Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.

38.

ardner, W. L., & Avolio, B. J. (1998). The charismatic relationship: A dramaturgic perspective. Academy of Management Review, 23, 32-58.

39.

Greenberger, D. B. (1982). Personal control at work: Its conceptualization and measurement. University of Wisconsin-Madison ONR Tech. Rep. 1-1- 4-1982.

40.

Greenberger, D. B., & Strasser, S. (1986). The development and application of a model of personal control in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 11, 164-177.

41.

Greenberger, D. B., Stephan S., Larry L. C., & Randall B. D. (1989). The impact of personal control on performance and satisfaction. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43, 29-51.

42.

Hackman, R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2, 159-170.

43.

Hackman, R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279.

44.

House, R. J, Woycke, J., & Fodor, E. M. (1988). Charismatic and noncharismatic leaders: Differences in behavior and effectiveness. In J. A. Conger & R. N. Kanungo (Eds.). Charismatic leadership: The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness: 98-121. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

45.

Howell, J. M. (1988). Two faces of charisma: Socialized and personalized leadership in organizations. In J. A. Conger & R. N. Kanungo (Eds.). Charismatic leadershi: 213- 236. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

46.

Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated- business unit performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 891-902.

47.

Hunt, S. D., Chonko, L. B., & Wood, V. R. (1985). Organizational commitment and marketing. Journal of Marketing, 49: 112-126.

48.

Ilgen, D., & Hollenbeck, J. R (1991). The structure of work: Job design and roles. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed.): 165-207. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

49.

Kark, R., Shamir, B., & Chen, G. (2003). The two faces of transformational leadership: Empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 246-255.

50.

Katzenbach, J. R., & Santamaria, J. A. (1999). Firing up the front line. Harvard Business Review, 77, 107-117.

51.

Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 51- 60.

52.

Kets de Vries, M. F. (1988). Origins of charisma: Ties that bind the leader and the led. In J. A. Conger & R. N. Kanungo (Eds.), Charismatic leadership: 237-252. San- Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

53.

Konovsky, M. A., & Pugh, S. D. (1994). Citizenship behavior and social exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 656-669.

54.

orsggard, M. A., Schweiger, D. M., & Sapienza, H. J. (1995). Builing commitment, attachment, and trust in strategic decision- making teams: The role of procedural justice. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 60-84.

55.

Kramer, R. M. (1999). Trust and distrust in organizations: Emerging perspectives, enduring questions. Annual Review of Psychology, 50: 569 -598.

56.

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.

57.

Lewicki, R. J., & Bunker, B. B. (1996). Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.). Trust in Organizations: 114-139. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

58.

Lewicki, R. J., McAllister, D. J., & Bies, R. J. (1998). Trust and distrust: New relationships and reality. Academy of Management Review, 23, 438-458.

59.

Lewis, J. & Weigert, A., (1985). Trust as a social reality. Social Forces, 63, 967-985.

60.

Lievens, F., Van Geit, P., & Coetsier, P. (1997). Identification of transformational leadership qualities: An examination of potential biases. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 6, 415-430.

61.

Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171- 194.

62.

Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 709- 734.

63.

McAllister, D. J. (1995). Affect- and cognition- based trust as foundation for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 24-59.

64.

McLean Parks. J. (1992). The role of incomplete contracts and their governance in delinquency, in-role, extra-role behaviors. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Montreal.

65.

Mishra, A. K. (1996). Organizational responses to crisis: The centrality of trust. In Kramer, R. M & Tyler, T. R. (Eds.). Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research: 261-278. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

66.

Mishra, A. K. & Spreitzer, G. M. (1998). Explaining how survivors respond to downsizing: The role of trust empowerment, justice and work redesign. Academy of Management Review, 23, 567-588.

67.

Morgan, R. M. & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58, 20-38.

68.

Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 845-855.

69.

Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 527-556.

70.

O'Reilly, C., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 492-499.

71.

Pearce, J. L, Branyiczki, I, & Bakacsi, G. (1994). Person-based reward systems: A theory of organizational reward practices in reform- communist organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 261-282.

72.

Pillai, R. Schriesheim, C. A., & Williams, E. S. (1999). Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: A two-sample study. Journal of Management, 25, 897-933.

73.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. M., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on follower's trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1, 107-142.

74.

Podsakoff, P. M., Toder, W. D., Grover, R. A., & Huber, V. L. (1984). Situational moderators of leader reward and punishment behavior: Fact of fiction. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34, 21-63.

75.

Ramaswami, S. N., Agarwal, S., & Bhargava, M. (1993). Work alienation of marketing employees: Influence of task, supervisory, and organizational structure factors. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21, 179-193.

76.

Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 698-714.

77.

Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23, 393-404.

78.

Russel, D. W., Kahn, J. H., Spoth, R. S., & Altmaier, E. M. (1998). Analyzing data from experimental studies: A latent variable structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 18-29.

79.

Seltzer, J., & Bass, B. M. (1990). Transformational leadership: Beyond initiation and consideration. Journal of Management, 16, 693-703.

80.

Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M, B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organization Science, 4, 577-594.

81.

Van Dyne, L., Graham, J. W., & Dienesch, R. M. (1994). Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct redefinition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 765-802.

82.

Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes, and consequences of affective experiences at work. In R. I. Sutton & B. M. Staw (Eds.). Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 18: 1-74. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

83.

Whitener, E. M., Brodt, S. E., Korsgaard, M. A., & Werner, J. M. (1998). Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework or understanding managerial trustworthy behavior. Academy of Management Review, 23, 523-530.

84.

Yukl, G. A. (1999). An evaluation of conceptual weakness in transformational and charismatic leadership theories. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 285-305.

85.

Zhou, J. (1998). Feedback valence, feedback style, task autonomy, and achievement orientation: Interactive effects on creative performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 261-276.

86.

Zuckerman, M., Porac, J., Lathin, D., Smith, R., & Deci, E. L. (1978). On the importance of self-determination for intrinsically motivated behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 443-446.

logo