open access
메뉴본 연구는 국내 성인을 대상으로 정서홍수모델에 기반하여 심리적 디스트레스와 비자살적 자해 심각도의 관계에서 반추의 매개효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 전국 성인을 대상으로 설문조사를 통해 자료를 수집하였고, 총 188명의 자료를 선별하여 분석하였다. 자료 분석 절차는 첫째, 기술통계 및 상관관계를 확인하였다. 둘째, 측정모형의 검증을 위해 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 셋째, 구조방정식 모형 분석을 통해 모형적합도와 변인 간 구조적 관계를 검증하였으며, 마지막으로 부트스트래핑 절차를 통해 매개효과를 확인하였다. 분석결과, 심리적 디스트레스는 반추에, 반추는 비자살적 자해 심각도에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 매개효과 검증결과, 심리적 디스트레스와 비자살적 자해 심각도의 관계에서 반추의 매개효과가 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 심리적 디스트레스가 높아지면 반추를 하는 경향성이 증가하고 그로 인해 비자살적 자해 증상이 심각해진다고 해석할 수 있다. 본 연구는 비자살적 자해를 경험하는 사람들에게 반추에 대한 개입을 고려할 필요성을 시사한다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 시사점 및 한계점을 제시하였다.
This study examined the relationship between psychological distress and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) mediated by rumination, focusing on the emotional cascade model. Participants in this study completed an online survey and offline survey, and data from 188 participants who experienced NSSI was used in this study. The analysis procedure is as follow: First, descriptive statistics and correlation were conducted. Second, the measurement model was verified through the confirmatory factor analysis. Third, the structural equation modeling was employed to examine the model fit and the structural relationship between the variables. Finally, through the bootstrapping process, the statistical significance of the mediation effect was tested. The results showed that the relationship between psychological distress and NSSI was fully mediated by rumination. Based on these results, implications and limitations of this study and future research suggestions are discussed.
강이영, 성나경 (2016). 청소년의 일상적 스트레스와 자해행동: 인지적 정서조절전략의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 28(3), 855-873.
구민정, 임수정, 김지윤, 이동훈(2019). 한국 성인의 비잘적 자해: 자해 방법 및 기능에서의 성차를 중심으로. 상담학연구, 20(5), 41-62.
구훈정, 우성범, 이종선 (2015). 외상적 사건과 자해의 관계에서 부적응적 인지조절의 매개효과와 적응적 인지조절의 조절효과: 성차를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 34(1), 173-198.
구훈정, 조현주, 이종선 (2014). 아동기 정서적 학대경험, 정서강도와 자해의 관계에서 부적응적 인지정서조절과 부정정서의 매개효과. 인지행동치료, 14(2), 191-216.
국민일보 (2018. 9. 20). 청소년 자해는 ‘사회적 재난’ … “대책 마련 시급”. 국민일보. Retrieved from http://news.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0012702378&code=61121111&cp=nv에서 2020, 05, 20 자료얻음.
권경인, 김지영 (2019). 청소년 비자살적 자해 위기상담 경험에 관한 현상학 연구: 상담자 경험을 중심으로. 상담학연구, 20(3), 369-393.
권혁진, 권석만 (2017). 한국판 자해기능 평가지 (The Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation)의 타당화 연구: 대학생을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 임상심리 연구와 실제, 3(1), 187-205.
김지윤, 김성연, 이동훈 (2020). 비자살적 자해의 중단 및 유지집단 간 비교연구: 자해특성과 통합적 이론모델의 위험요인을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 32(3), 1095-1124.
김지윤, 이동훈 (2019). 성인의 비자살적 자해 잠재계층유형의 위험요인과 정서·행동문제의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 31(4), 1205-1247.
김지윤, 조영희, 김성연, 이동훈 (2020). 대학생의 비자살적 자해 경험에 대한 사례연구: 중단자를 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 32(2), 971-996.
민정향 (2017). 비자살적 자해와 폭식에 대한 정서홍수모델의 검증: 부정조급성과 정서홍수 유발요인을 중심으로. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위 청구논문.
박기쁨, 우상우, 장문선 (2012). 대학생 집단을 통한 단축형 간이정신진단 검사-18(BSI-18)의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 31(2), 507-521.
백보겸, 김지인, 권호인 (2019). 자의식적 부정정서가 비자살적 자해에 미치는 영향: 정서조절전략의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, 19(3), 385-395.
서윤아 (2014). 비자살적 자해에 영향을 미치는 복합외상 및 복합외상증후군의 탐색. 충북대학교 석사학위논문.
성요안나, 배유빈, 김소정 (2019). 비자살적 자해에 대한 국내연구 개관: 2000-2018년 연구들을 중심으로. 인지행동치료, 19(2), 251-280.
안현의, 이나빈, 주혜선 (2013). 한국판 인지적 정서조절전략 척도 (K-CERQ) 의 타당화. 상담학연구, 14(3), 1773-1794.
여혜경, 이창묵, 황성훈 (2019). 한국판 반추적 사고 스타일 질문지 (K-RTSQ)의 타당화. 인지행동치료, 19(2), 157-177.
연합뉴스 (2020.09.15.). 인스타그램이 사이버폭력 쫓는 방법은 … “AI와 인간의 협력”. 연합뉴스. Retrieved from https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200915133600017?input=1195m 에서 2020, 09, 16 자료얻음.
이동훈, 김지윤, 이덕희, 강민수 (2018). DSM 진단기준과 대인 및 비대인 외상사건에 따른 성인의 PTSD 증상, 심리적 디스트레스, 정서조절곤란의 차이. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 30(3), 741-773.
조선일보 (2019.05.12.). ‘자해(自害)’ 가르치고 배우는 청소년들...인증샷 넘처나는 SNS. 조선일보. Retrieved from https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/05/12/2019051200771.html에서 2020, 09, 15 자료얻음.
조화진, 서영석 (2011). 성인애착과 심리적 디스트레스의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 23(2), 471-490.
Abela, J. R. Z., & Hankin, B. L. (2011). Rumination as a vulnerability factor to depression during the transition from early to middle adolescence: A multiwave longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(2), 259-271.
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217-237.
Andover, M. S., Primack, J. M., Gibb, B. E., & Pepper, C. M. (2010). An examination of non-suicidal self-injury in men: Do men differ from women in basic NSSI characteristics?. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(1), 79-88.
Andrews, T., Martin, G., Hasking, P., & Page, A. (2013). Predictors of continuation and cessation of nonsuicidal self-injury. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 40-46.
Anestis, M. D., Khazem, L. R., & Law, K. C. (2015). How many times and how many ways: The impact of number of nonsuicidal self‐injury methods on the relationship between nonsuicidal self‐injury frequency and suicidal behavior. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 45(2), 164-177.
Arbuthnott, A. E., Lewis, S. P., & Bailey, H. N. (2015). Rumination and emotions in nonsuicidal self injury and eating disorder behaviors: A preliminary test of the emotional cascade model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 62-71.
Armey, M. F., Crowther, J. H., & Miller, I. W. (2011). Changes in ecological momentary assessment reported affect associated with episodes of nonsuicidal self-injury. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 579-588.
Baetens, I., Claes, L., Onghena, P., Grietens, H., Van Leeuwen, K., Pieters, C., ... & Griffith, J. W. (2014). Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: a longitudinal study of the relationship between NSSI, psychological distress and perceived parenting. Journal of Adolescence, 37(6), 817-826.
Bjärehed, J. (2012). Characteristics of self-injury in young adolescents: Findings from cross- sectional and longitudinal studies in Swedish schools. Lund University.
Bjärehed, J., & Lundh, L. (2008). Deliberate self-harm in 14-year-old adolescents: How frequent is it, and how is it associated with psychopathology, relationship variables, and styles of emotional regulation? Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 37(1), 26-37.
Borrill, J., Fox, P., Flynn, M., & Roger, D. (2009). Students who self-harm: Coping style, rumination and alexithymia. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 22(4), 361-372.
Bracken-Minor, K. L., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., & Parra, G. R. (2012). Profiles of non-suicidal self-injurers and associated patterns of alcohol use. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34(4), 552-563.
Bresin, K., & Gordon, K. H. (2013). Changes in negative affect following pain (vs. nonpainful) stimulation in individuals with and without a history of nonsuicidal self-injury. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4(1), 62-66.
Brown, M. Z., Comtois, K. A., & Linehan, M. M. (2002). Reasons for suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in women with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(1), 198-202.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Buelens, T., Luyckx, K., Gandhi, A., Kiekens, G., & Claes, L. (2019). Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: Longitudinal associations with psychological distress and rumination. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(9), 1569-1581.
Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York, NY: Taylor & Fancis Group.
Carrozzino, D., Siri, C., & Bech, P. (2019). The prevalence of psychological distress in Parkinson’s disease patients: The brief symptom inventory (BSI-18) versus the Hopkins symptom checklist (SCL-90-R). Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 88, 96-101.
Carson, J. W., Keefe, F. J., Goli, V., Fras, A. M., Lynch, T. R., Thorp, S. R., & Buechler, J. L. (2005). Forgiveness and chronic low back pain: A preliminary study examining the relationship of forgiveness to pain, anger, and psychological distress. The Journal of Pain, 6(2), 84-91.
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(3), 371-394.
Coley, R. L., & Hernandez, D. C. (2006). Predictors of paternal involvement for resident and nonresident low-income fathers. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 1041-1056.
Crouch, W., & Wright, J. (2004). Deliberate self-harm at an adolescent unit: A qualitative investigation. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(2), 185-204.
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. M. (2009). A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending linehan’s theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135(3), 495-510.
Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16-29.
Derogatis, L. R. (2000). BSI-18: Brief Symptom Inventory 18, Administration. Scoring, and Procedures Manual. Minneapolis, MN, USA: National Computer Systems Pearson, INC.
Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13(3), 595-605.
Dhingra, K., Boduszek, D., & Klonsky, E. D. (2016). Empirically derived subgroups of self‐injurious thoughts and behavior: Application of latent class analysis. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 46(4), 486-499.
Donaldson, C., & Lam, D. (2004). Rumination, mood and social problem-solving in major depression. Psychological Medicine, 34(7), 1309- 1318.
Fox, K. R., Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Kleiman, E. M., Bentley, K. H., & Nock, M. K. (2015). Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 156-167.
Franklin, J. C., Aaron, R. V., Arthur, M. S., Shorkey, S. P., & Prinstein, M. J. (2012). Nonsuicidal self-injury and diminished pain perception: The role of emotion dysregulation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(6), 691-700.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought‐action repertoires. Cognition & Emotion, 19(3), 313-332.
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007). The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Psychometric features and prospective relationships with depression and anxiety in adults. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 141-149.
Garnefski, N., Kraaija, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8), 1311-1327
Glenn, C. R., & Klonsky, E. D. (2011). Prospective prediction of nonsuicidal self-injury: A 1-year longitudinal study in young adults. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 751-762.
Gong, T., Ren, Y., Wu, J., Jiang, Y., Hu, W., & You, J. (2019). The associations among self-criticism, hopelessness, rumination, and NSSI in adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Adolescence, 72, 1-9.
Gratz, K. L. (2001). Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(4), 253-263.
Gratz, K. L. (2007). Targeting emotion dysregulation in the treatment of self‐injury. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(11), 1091- 1103.
Hamza, C. A., & Willoughby, T. (2013). Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: A latent class analysis among young adults. PloS One, 8(3), 1-7.
Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 127(6), 773-796.
Hasking, P. A., Di Simplicio, M., McEvoy, P. M., & Rees, C. S. (2018). Emotional cascade theory and non-suicidal self-injury: The importance of imagery and positive affect. Cognition and Emotion, 32(5), 941-952.
Heath, N., Toste, J., Nedecheva, T., & Charlebois, A. (2008). An examination of nonsuicidal self-injury among college students. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 30(2), 137-156.
Hilt, L. M., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Examination of the response styles theory in a community sample of young adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(4), 545-556.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Huss, D. B., & Baer, R. A. (2007). Acceptance and change: The integration of mindfulness- based cognitive therapy into ongoing dialectical behavior therapy in a case of borderline personality disorder with depression. Clinical Case Studies, 6(1), 17-33.
Joiner, T. (2005). Why People Die by Suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Jose, P. E., & Weir, K. F. (2013). How is anxiety involved in the longitudinal relationship between brooding rumination and depressive symptoms in adolescents? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(8), 1210-1222.
Jungmann, S. M., Vollmer, N., Selby, E. A., & Witthöft, M. (2016). Understanding dysregulated behaviors and compulsions: An extension of the emotional cascade model and the mediating role of intrusive thoughts. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 994.
Kazak, A. E., DeRosa, B. W., Schwartz, L. A., Hobbie, W., Carlson, C., Ittenbach, R. F., ... & Ginsberg, J. P. (2010). Psychological outcomes and health beliefs in adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer and controls. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28(12), 2002-2007.
Kiekens, G., Hasking, P., Bruffaerts, R., Claes, L., Baetens, I., Boyes, M., ... & Whitlock, J. (2017). What predicts ongoing nonsuicidal self-injury?: A comparison between persistent and ceased self-injury in emerging adults. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(10), 762-770.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Methodology in the social sciences. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Klonsky, E. D. (2009). The functions of self-injury in young adults who cut themselves: Clarifying the evidence for affect-regulation. Psychiatry Research, 166(2-3), 260-268.
Klonsky, E. D. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: Prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions. Psychological Medicine, 41(9), 1981-1986.
Klonsky, E. D., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2007). Self injury: A research review for the practitioner. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(11), 1045- 1056.
Klonsky, E. D., & Olino, T. M. (2008). Identifying clinically distinct subgroups of self-injurers among young adults: A latent class analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 22-27.
Klonsky, E. D., May, A. M., & Glenn, C. R. (2013). The relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury and attempted suicide: Converging evidence from four samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 231-237.
Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2003). Deliberate self-harm in a nonclinical population: Prevalence and psychological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(8), 1501-1508.
Klonsky, E. D., Victor, S. E., & Saffer, B. Y. (2014). Nonsuicidal self-injury: What we know, and what we need to know. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(11), 565-568.
Kranzler, A., Fehling, K. B., Lindqvist, J., Brillante, J., Yuan, F., Gao, X., ... & Selby, E. A. (2018). An ecological investigation of the emotional context surrounding nonsuicidal self‐injurious thoughts and behaviors in adolescents and young adults. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48(2), 149-159.
L’Abate, L. (Ed.). (2012). Mental Illnesses: Understanding, Prediction and Control. BoD- Books on Demand.
Laye-Gindhu, A., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2005). Nonsuicidal self-harm among community adolescents: Understanding the “whats” and “whys” of self-harm. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 447-457.
Little, T. D., Rhemtulla, M., Gibson, K., & Schoemann, A. M. (2013). Why the items versus parcels controversy needn’t be one. Psychological Methods, 18(3), 285-300.
Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. L. (2007). Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37(8), 1183-1192.
Martin, G., Swannell, S. V., Hazell, P. L., Harrison, J. E., & Taylor, A. W. (2010). Self injury in Australia: A community survey. Medical Journal of Australia, 193(9), 506-510.
Martin, R. C., & Dahlen, E. R. (2005). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress, and anger. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(7), 1249-1260.
Matsunaga, M. (2008). Item parceling in structural equation modeling: A primer. Communication Methods and Measures, 2(4), 260-293.
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2002). Measurement for a human science. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 152-170.
Nicolai, K. A., Wielgus, M. D., & Mezulis, A. (2016). Identifying risk for self‐harm: Rumination and negative affectivity in the prospective prediction of nonsuicidal self injury. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 46(2), 223-233.
Nock, M. K. (2009). Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 78-83.
Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339-363.
Nock, M. K., Joiner Jr, T. E., Gordon, K. H., Lloyd-Richardson, E., & Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Research, 144(1), 65-72.
Nock, M. K., Prinstein, M. J., & Sterba, S. K. (2009). Revealing the form and function of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors: A real-time ecological assessment study among adolescents and young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(4), 816-827.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-424.
Piersma, H. L., Boes, J. L., & Reaume, W. M. (1994). Unidimensionality of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in adult and adolescent inpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(2), 338-344.
Plener, P. L., Allroggen, M., Kapusta, N. D., Brähler, E., Fegert, J. M., & Groschwitz, R. C. (2016). The prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a representative sample of the German population. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 353.
Ramel, W., Goldin, P. R., Carmona, P. E., & McQuaid, J. R. (2004). The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive processes and affect in patients with past depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(4), 433-455.
Richmond, S., Hasking, P., & Meaney, R. (2017). Psychological distress and non-suicidal self-injury: The mediating roles of rumination, cognitive reappraisal, and expressive suppression. Archives of Suicide Research, 21(1), 62-72.
Salovey, P. (1992). Mood-induced self-focused attention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(4), 699-707.
Selby, E. A., & Joiner Jr, T. E. (2009). Cascades of emotion: The emergence of borderline personality disorder from emotional and behavioral dysregulation. Review of General Psychology, 13(3), 219-229.
Selby, E. A., & Joiner Jr, T. E. (2013). Emotional cascades as prospective predictors of dysregulated behaviors in borderline personality disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4(2), 168-174.
Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Understanding the relationship between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: Emotional cascades. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(5), 593-611.
Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D., Bender, T. W., & Joiner Jr, T. E. (2009). An exploration of the emotional cascade model in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(2), 375-387.
Selby, E. A., Franklin, J., Carson‐Wong, A., & Rizvi, S. L. (2013). Emotional cascades and self‐injury: Investigating instability of rumination and negative emotion. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(12), 1213-1227.
Selby, E. A., Kranzler, A., Panza, E., & Fehling, K. B. (2016). Bidirectional‐compounding effects of rumination and negative emotion in predicting impulsive behavior: Implications for emotional cascades. Journal of Personality, 84(2), 139-153.
Sherman, M. D., Sautter, F., Lyons, J. A., Manguno-Mire, G. M., Han, X., Perry, D., & Sullivan, G. (2005). Mental health needs of cohabiting partners of Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD. Psychiatric Services, 56(9), 1150-1152.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445.
Skegg, K. (2005). Self-harm. The Lancet, 366 (9495), 1471-1483.
Slabbert, A., Hasking, P., & Boyes, M. (2018). Riding the emotional roller coaster: The role of distress tolerance in non-suicidal self-injury. Psychiatry Research, 269, 309-315.
Somer, O., Bildik, T., Kabukçu-Başay, B., Güngör, D., Başay, Ö., & Farmer, R. F. (2015). Prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury and distinct groups of self-injurers in a community sample of adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(7), 1163-1171.
Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014). Prevalence of nonsuicidal self‐injury in nonclinical samples: Systematic review, meta‐analysis and meta regression. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 44(3), 273-303.
Taliaferro, L. A., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2015). Risk factors associated with self-injurious behavior among a national sample of undergraduate college students. Journal of American College Health, 63(1), 40-48.
Tanner, A. K., Hasking, P., & Martin, G. (2014). Effects of rumination and optimism on the relationship between psychological distress and non-suicidal self-injury. Prevention Science, 15(6), 860-868.
Thomsen, D. K. (2006). The association between rumination and negative affect: A review. Cognition & Emotion, 20(8), 1216-1235.
Tuna, E., & Bozo, Ö. (2014). Exploring the link between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: A test of the emotional cascade model. Journal of General Psychology, 141(1), 1-17.
Turner, B. J., Layden, B. K., Butler, S. M., & Chapman, A. L. (2013). How often, or how many ways: Clarifying the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and suicidality. Archives of Suicide Research, 17(4), 397-415.
Turniansky, H., Ben-Dor, D., Krivoy, A., Weizman, A., & Shoval, G. (2019). A history of prolonged childhood sexual abuse is associated with more severe clinical presentation of borderline personality disorder in adolescent female inpatients-A naturalistic study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 98, 104222.
Whitlock, J., Muehlenkamp, J., & Eckenrode, J. (2008). Variation in nonsuicidal self-injury: Identification and features of latent classes in a college population of emerging adults. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(4), 725-735.
Wilkinson, P., & Goodyer, I. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(2), 103-108.
Wilkinson, P., Kelvin, R., Roberts, C., Dubicka, B., & Goodyer, I. (2011). Clinical and psychosocial predictors of suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in the Adolescent Depression Antidepressants and Psychotherapy Trial (ADAPT). American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(5), 495-501.
Williams, F., & Hasking, P. (2010). Emotion regulation, coping and alcohol use as moderators in the relationship between non- suicidal self-injury and psychological distress. Prevention Science, 11(1), 33-41.