바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

목표 갈등의 해결 과정으로서 자기통제

Self-control as the Process of Goal Conflict Resolution

한국심리학회지: 일반 / Korean Journal of Psychology: General, (P)1229-067X; (E)2734-1127
2011, v.30 no.2, pp.525-542
신수경 (충남대학교)
민윤기 (충남대학교)
  • 다운로드 수
  • 조회수

초록

지금까지 자기통제 영역의 연구들은 대부분 자기통제 발휘 여부를 간접적인 방식으로 측정해 왔다. 본 연구에서는 점화 과제라는 인지 과제로 자기통제 발휘 여부를 직접적으로 측정한 자기통제 이론들을 다중 목표 관계의 관점에서 개관하였다. 먼저 세 가지 자기 통제 이론들, 즉 자기 조절력 모형, 역작용적 통제 이론, 그리고 목표 갈등 이론들을 중심으로 자기통제의 정의와 의의, 자기통제 성공과 실패의 의미, 성공적 및 비성공적인 자기통제자의 특성, 자기통제의 과정, 자기통제 발휘 과정에서 중요한 요인들을 비교하였다. 이들 세 이론을 바탕으로, 본 개관에서는 자기통제를 목표 갈등(양가감정)을 해결하는 과정으로 정의하고, 자기통제 과정에서 중요한 요인인 유혹과 목표 갈등에 대해 논의하였다. 또한 자기통제 과정이 사람의 유전적 배경, 과거 경험과 학습, 환경에 의해 영향을 받을 수 있는 역동적 과정임을 강조하고, 자기통제를 발휘하는 개인차와 개인의 특성, 조절변인들이 자기통제의 성패에 미치는 영향에 대해서도 논의하였다. 끝으로 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다.

keywords
자기통제, 자기조절력, 역작용적 통제, 목표 갈등(양가감정), self-control, self-regulatory strength, counteractive control, goal conflict(ambivalence)

Abstract

Until now, most researches in self-control area have measured indirectly the exertion of self-control. From the perspective of the multiple goal-relation, we reviewed three self-control theories, such as self-regulatory strength model, counteractive control theory, goal conflict theory, that measured directly the exertion of self-control using the priming task among cognitive tasks. From three theories, we summarized core concepts and assumptions, including implications and definition of self-control, meaning of self-control success or failure, characteristics of successful or unsuccessful self-controls, process of self-control, and important determinants in the self-control exertion. Based on these three self-control theories, this review, defined the self-control as the process of goal conflict resolution, suggests that very important factors are temptation (lower order goal) and goal conflict (ambivalence) in self-control process. Also we emphasized the dynamic process that the self-control would be affected by individual's genetic background, past experience and learning, and environment or context. We also discussed about individual difference in self-control exertion and possibility that the important factors in self-control success and failure process may be related by various moderators, such as goal importance, goal expectancy, and self-efficacy. Finally, we proposed some directions for future research in this area.

keywords
자기통제, 자기조절력, 역작용적 통제, 목표 갈등(양가감정), self-control, self-regulatory strength, counteractive control, goal conflict(ambivalence)

참고문헌

1.

Abraham, C., Sheeran, P., Norman, P., Conner, M., de Vries, N., & Otten, W. (1999). When good intentions are not enough: modeling postdecisionalcognitive correlates of condom use. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2591–2612.

2.

Ainslie, G. (1992). Picoeconomics: The strategic interaction of successive motivational states within the person. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

3.

Baer, J. S., Holt, C. S., & Lichtenstein, E. (1986). Self-efficacy and smoking re-examined: Construct validity and clinical utility. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 846–852.

4.

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.

5.

Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462-479.

6.

Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Ego depletion and self-control failure: An energy model of the se1f’s executive function. Self and Identity, 1, 129-136

7.

Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

8.

Baumeister, R. F., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (2000). Ego depletion: A resource model of volition, self-regulation, and controlled processing. Social Cognition, 18, 130-150.

9.

Baumeister, R. F., Schmeichel, B. J., & Vohs, K. D. (2007). Self-regulation and the executive function. The self as controlling agent. In A. W. Kruglanski and E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social Psychology: A handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp.516-539). New York: Guilford.

10.

Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2004). Handbook of self-regulation: research, theory, and applications. New York: Guilford Press.

11.

Bernstein, E., Bernstein, J., & Levenson, S. (1997). Project ASSERT: An ED-based intervention to increase access to primary care, preventive services and the substance abuse treatment system. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 30(2), 181-197.

12.

Bien, T. H., Miller, W. R., & Tonigan, J. S. (1993b). Brief interventions for alcohol problems: A review. Addiction, 88, 315-336.

13.

Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychological Science, 16, 939-944.

14.

Emmons, R. A., & Diener, E. (1986). A goal-affect analysis of everyday situational choice. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 309-326.

15.

Emmons, R. A., & King, L. A. (1988). Conflict among personal strivings: Immediate and long-term implications for psychological and physical well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1040-1048.

16.

Fishbach, A. (2009). The function of value in self-regulation. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 129-133.

17.

Fishbach, A., Friedman, R. S., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2003). Leading us not unto temptation: Momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 296-309.

18.

Fishbach, A., & Trope, Y. (2005). The Substitutability of External Control and Self-Control in Overcoming Temptation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 256-270.

19.

Fishbach, A., & Trope, Y. (2007). Implicit and explicit mechanisms of counteractive self control. In J. Y. Shah and W. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of motivation science (pp.281-294). New York: Guilford Press.

20.

Forgas, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (2009). The psychology of self-regulation: Cognitive, affective and motivational process, an Introductory Review (pp.319-335). Psychology Press.

21.

Freitas, A. L., Liberman, N., Salovey, P., & Higgins, E. T. (2002). When to begin? Regulatory focus and action initiation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 121-130.

22.

French, S. A., Story, M., & Jeffery, R. W. (2001). Environmental influences on eating and physical activity. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 309-335.

23.

Gollwitzer, P. M., & Moskowitz, G. B. (1996). Goal effects on action and cognition. In E. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp.361-399). New York: Guilford Press.

24.

Gorman, B. S., & Allison, D. B. (1995). Measures of restrained eating. In D. B. Allison (Ed.). Handbook of assessment methods for eating behaviors and weight related problems: Measures, theory, and research. (pp.149-184). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

25.

Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

26.

Hawkins, R. C., & Hawkins, C. A. (1998). Dynamics of substance abuse: Implications of chaos theory for clinical research. In L. Chamberlain and M. R. Butz (Eds.), Clinical chaos: A therapist's guide to non-linear dynamics and therapeutic change (pp.89-101). Philadelphia: Brunnerl Mazel.

27.

Heatherton, T. F., Herman, C. P., Polivy, J., & King, G. A. (1988). The (mis)measurement of restraint: An analysis of conceptual and psychometric issues. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 19-28.

28.

Hofmann, W., Rauch, W., & Gawronksi, B. (2007). And deplete us not into temptation: automatic attitudes, dietary restraint, and self-regulatory resources as determinants of eating behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 497-504.

29.

Hollenbeck, J. R., & Klein, H. J. (1987). Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: Problems, prospects, and proposals for future research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(2), 212-220.

30.

Kivetz, R., & Simonson, I. (2002). Self-control for the righteous: Toward a theory of precommitment to indulgence. Journal of Consumer Research, 29, 199–217.

31.

Kruglanski, A. W. (1996). Goals as knowledge structures. In P. M. Gollwitzer and J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The Psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp.599-618). New York: Guilford Press.

32.

Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Fishbach, A., Friedman, R., Chun, W., & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (2002). A theory of goal systems. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 34, pp.331-378). New York: Academic Press.

33.

Larimer, M. E., Palmer, R. S., & Marlatt, G. A. (1999). Relapse prevention: An overview of Marlatt's cognitive-behavioral model. Alcohol Research and Health, 23, 151-160.

34.

Latham, G. P., Erez, M., & Locke, E. A. (1988). Resolving scientific disputes by the joint design of crucial experiments by the antagonists: Application to the Erez-Latham dispute regarding participation in goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(4), 753-772.

35.

Liourta, E., & van Empelen, P. (2008). The importance of self-regulatory and goal- conflicting processes in the avoidance of drunk driving among Greek young drivers. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 40(3), 1191-1199.

36.

Maisto, S. A., Connors, G. J., & Zywiak, W. H. (2000). Alcohol treatment, changes in coping skills, self-efficacy, and levels of alcohol use and related problems 1 year following treatment initiation. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14, 257-266.

37.

Martijn, C., Alberts, H. J. E. M., & De Vries, N. K. (2006). Maintaining self-control: The role of expectancies. In D. T. D. de Ridder and J. B. F. de Wit (Eds.), Self-regulation in health behavior (pp.169-192). Chichester: Wiley.

38.

Magen, E., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Harnessing the need for immediate gratification: Cognitive reconstrual modulates the reward value of temptations. Emotion, 7, 415-428.

39.

Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106, 3-19.

40.

Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change. New York: Guilford Press.

41.

Mischel, W. (1974). Processes in delay of gratification. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 249-292). San Diego: Academic.

42.

Mischel, W., Cantor, N., & Feldman, S. (1996). Principles of self-regulation: The nature of willpower and self-control. In E. T. Higgins and A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp.329-360). New York: Guilford Press.

43.

Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244, 933-938.

44.

Muis, K. R., Winnwe, P. H., & Jamieson-Noel, D. (2007). Using a multitrait-multimethod analysis to examine conceptual similarities of three self-regulated learning inventories. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 177-195.

45.

Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (l998). Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 774-789.

46.

Myrseth, K. O. R., & Fishbach, A. (2009). Self-control: A function of knowing when and how to exercise restraint. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(4), 247-252.

47.

Noonan, W. C., & Moyers, T. B. (1997). Motivational interviewing: A review. Journal of Substance Misuse, 2, 8-16.

48.

Papies, E. K., Stroebe, W., & Aarts, H. (2007). Pleasure in the mind: restrained eating and spontaneous hedonic thoughts about food. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(5), 810-817.

49.

Papies, E. K., Stroebe, W., & Aarts, H. (2008). The allure of forbidden food: On the role of attention in self-regulation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1283-1292.

50.

Phillips, J. M., & Gully, S. M. (1997). Role of goal orientation, ability, need for achievement, and locus of control in the self-efficacy and goal-setting process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 792-802.

51.

Rachlin, H. (2000). The science of self-control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

52.

Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). The person and the situation. New York: McGraw-Hill.

53.

Rychtarik, R. G., Prue, D. M., Rapp, S., & King, A. (1992). Self-efficacy, aftercare and relapse in a treatment program for alcoholics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 435-440.

54.

Schmeichel, B. J., & Baumesiter, R. F. (2004). Self-regulatory Strength. In R. F. Baumeister and K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of Self-regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications (pp.115-130). New York: Guilford Press.

55.

Schunk, D. H., & Ertmer, P. A. (2000). Self-efficacy and academic learning: Self-efficacy enhancing interventions. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich and M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp.631-649). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

56.

Schunk, D. H., Pintrich, P. R., & Meece, J. L. (2008). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications (3th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill-Prentice Hall.

57.

Shah, J. Y., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2002). Priming against your will: How accessible alternatives affect goal pursuit. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38, 368-383.

58.

Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., & Peake, P. K. (1990). Predicting adolescent cognitive and social competence from preschool delay of gratification: Identifying diagnostic conditions. Developmental Psychology, 26, 978-986.

59.

Sklar, S. M., Annis, H. M., & Turner, N. E. (1999). Group comparisons of coping self-efficacy between alcohol and cocaine abusers seeking treatment. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13, 123-133.

60.

Snow, E. E. (1996). Self-regulation as meta- conation? Learning and Individual differences, 8, 261-267.

61.

Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1995). Alcohol consumption measures. In J. P. Allen and M. Columbus (Eds.), Assessing alcohol problems: A guide for clinician and researchers (pp.55-73). Washington: Government Printing Office.

62.

Stroebe, W., Papies, E. K., & Aarts, H. (2008). From homeostatic to hedonic theories of eating: Self-regulatory failure in food-rich environments. Applied Psychology, 57, 172-193.

63.

Sylvain, C., Ladouceur, R., & Boisvert, J. M. (1997). Cognitive and behavioral treatment of pathological gambling: A controlled study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 727-732.

64.

Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271-324.

65.

Trope, Y., & Fishbach, A. (2000). Counteractive self-control in overcoming temptation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 493-506.

66.

Valentine, J. C., DuBois, D. L., & Cooper, H. (2004). The relation between self-beliefs and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review. Educational Psychologist, 39(2), 111-133.

67.

Van Hook, E., & Higgins, E. T. (1988). Self-related problems beyond the self-concept: Motivational consequences of discrepant self-guides. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(4), 625-633.

68.

Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. E. (2004). Understanding self-regulation. In R. E. Baumeister and K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp.1-9). New York: The Guilford Press.

69.

Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control Psychological Review, 101, 34-52.

70.

Winne, P. H. (2001). Self-regulated learning viewed from models of information processing. In B. J. Zimmerman and D. Schunk. (Eds.), Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theoretical perspectives (pp.153-189). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

71.

Witkiewitz, K., & Marlatt, G. A. (2004). Relapse prevention for alcohol and drug problems: That was zen, This is tao. American Psychologist, 59(4), 224-235.

72.

Yoon, J. S. (2002). Teacher characteristics as predictors of teacher-student relationships: Stress, negative affect, and self-efficacy. Social Behavior and Personality, 30(5), 485-493.

한국심리학회지: 일반