Developing Korean Wisdom Scale

The present research is aimed at developing the wisdom scale that is based on korean's wisdom concept and testing its reliability and validity. The purpose of study 1 is to develop a wisdom scale to measure wisdom of Korean people. To do so we selected items necessary for the development of a wisdom scale, integrating theoretical approach and experiential approach. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, KMWS was developed. Wisdom was operationalized as a construct with 'cognitive competency', 'moderation and balance', 'positive life attitude', 'sympathetic interpersonal relationship'. The study 2 was conducted to test reliability and validity of the scale. Results indicated that KMWS has excellent reliability(test-retest = .86: Cronbach's Alpha= .90). And wisdom was positively related with life satisfaction(r=.48, p<.01), well-being(r=.65, p<.01), .01), positive emotion experiences(r=.32, p<.01), by contrast wisdom was negatively related with depression(r=-.14, p<.01), negative emotion experiences(r=-.24, p<.01). Results indicated that the KMWS can be considered a reliable and valid instrument in large surveys of Korean populations.

keywords: 지혜, 지혜 척도, KMWS, 인지적 역량, 절제와 균형, 긍정적 인생태도, 공감적 대인관계, wisdom, wisdom scale, KMWS, cognitive competency, moderation and balance, positive life attitude, sympathetic interpersonal relationship

Reference

고려대학교 부설 행동과학연구소 (1998). 심리척도 핸드북. 서울: 학지사.

권유경 (1993). 삼세대간 지혜와 지능의 발달 비교. 한국심리학회지 : 발달, 9(2), 1-19.

김명소, 김혜원, 차경호 (2001). 심리적 안녕감의 구성개념분석: 한국 성인 남녀를 대상으로, 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 15(2), 19-39.

김민희, 민경환 (2003). 노년기 정서경험과 정서조절의 특징. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 23(2), 1-21.

김수동, 문형남(2010). 지혜 개념과 그 계발, 교육철학, 42, 1~26.

류연지 (1996). 성격 및 욕구수준이 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향. 연세대학교 석사학위논문.

성기월, 이신영, 박종한(2010). 한국노인의 지혜척도 개발에 관한 연구. 한국노년학회지, 30(1), 65-80.

전겸구, 이민규 (1992). 한국판 CES-D 개발 연구 Ⅰ. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 11(1), 65-76.

정보라 (2005). 사회적 바람직성의 구인 탐색. 이화여자대학교 석사학위논문.

10.

다음 인터넷 국어사전. http://alldic.daum.net/dic/view

11.

Achenbaum, W. A., & Orwoll, L. (1991). Becoming wise: A psycho- gerontological interpretation of the book of job. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32, 21-39.

12.

Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. Journal of Gerontology, 52, 15-27.

13.

Ardelt, M. (2000a). Antecedents and effects of wisdom in old age: A longitudinal perspective on aging well. Research on Aging, 22, 360-394.

14.

Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25, 275-324.

15.

Ardelt, M. (2004a). Wisdom as expert knowledge system: A critical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept. Human Development, 47, 257-285.

16.

Ardelt, M. (2004b). Where can wisdom be found? Human Development, 47, 304-307.

17.

Assmann, A. (1994). Wholesome knowledge: Concepts of wisdom in a historical and cross-cultural perspective. In D. L. Featherman, R. M. Lerner & M. Perlmutter(Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (pp. 187-224). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

18.

Baltes, P. B., Glück, J., & Kunzmann, U. (2002). Wisdom: Its structure and function in regulating successful lifespan development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 327-347). New York: Oxford University Press.

19.

Baltes, P. B., & Kunzmann, U. (2003). Wisdom. The Psychologist, 16, 131-132.

20.

Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. E. (1990). Toward a psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 87-120). New York: Cambridge University Press.

21.

Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (1993). The search for a psychology of wisdom. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2, 75-80.

22.

Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122-136.

23.

Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M., & Sowarka, D. (1990). Wisdom: one facet of successful aging? In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Late life potential (pp. 63-81). Washington, DC: Gerontological Society of America.

24.

Birren, J. E., & Fisher, L. M. (1990). The elements of wisdom: Overview and integration. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 317-332). New York: Cambridge University Press.

25.

Carson, S., & Langer, E. (2006). Mindfulness and self-acceptance. Journal of Rational-Emotive &cognitive-behavior Therapy, 24, 29-43.

26.

Chandler, M. J., Holliday, S. (1990). Wisdom in a postapocalyptic age. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.). Wisdom: It's nature, origins, and development (pp. 121-141). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

27.

Clayton, V. P., & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life span: A reexamination of an ancient topic. In P. B. Baltes & J. O. G. Brim (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (pp. 103-135). New York: Academic Press.

28.

Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rathunde, K. (1990). The psychology of wisdom: an evolutionary interpretation. In Sternberg, R. J. Wisdom: It's nature, origins, and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

29.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. & Griffin, S.(1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.

30.

Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.

31.

Erikson, E. H., Erikson, J. M., & Kivnick, H. Q. (1986). Vital involvement in old age: The experience of old age in our time. New York: Norton.

32.

Helson, R., & Srivastava, S. (2001). Three paths of adult development: Conservers, seekers, and achievers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 995-1010.

33.

Hocevar, D. & Chiou H. (1995). Methodological approaches and issues in cross-cultural psychometrics The covariance modeling perspective. Paper presentated at the 1995 conference of the National Council on Measurement in Education San Francisco. CA.

34.

Holliday, S. G., & Chandler, M. J. (1986). Wisdom: Explorations in adult competence. In J. A. Meacham (Ed.), Contributions to human development (pp. 1-96). Basel: Karger.

35.

Hu, L. & Bentler P. M. (1995). Evaluation of model fit, In R. H. Hoyle(Ed.), Structural equation modeling Concepts issues and applications(pp. 76-99). Thousand Oaks, CA Sage.

36.

Kramer, D. A. (1990). Conceptualizing wisdom: The primacy of affect-cognition relations. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 279-313). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

37.

Kramer, D. A. (2000). Wisdom as a classical source of human strength: Conceptualization and empirical inquiry. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 83-101.

38.

Kunzmann, U., & Baltes, P. B. (2003). Wisdom-related knowledge: Affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1104-1119.

39.

Kunzmann, U., & Gruhn, D. (2005). Age differences in emotional reactivity: The sample case of sadness. Psychology and Aging, 20, 47-59.

40.

Labouvie-Vief, G. (1990). Wisdom as integrated thought: Historical and developmental perspectives. In R.J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 52-83). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

41.

Levitt, H. M. (1999). The development of wisdom: An analysis of Tibetan Buddhist experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 39, 86-105.

42.

Meacham, J. A. (1990). The loss of wisdom. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 181-211). New York: Cambridge University Press.

43.

Nasser T. Takahashi & Jeri Benson (1997). The structure of test anxiety in Israeli-Arab high school students: An application of confirmatory factor analysis with miniscales.

44.

Paulhus, D. (1998). Paulhus Deception Scales(PDS): The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding 7: User's manual. North Tanawanda, New York: Multi-Health Systems.

45.

Robinson, D. N. (1990). Wisdom through the ages. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 25-51). New York: Cambridge University Press.

46.

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Exploration on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.

47.

Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist,

48.

Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1996). Interactive minds: A facilitative setting for wisdom-related performance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 746-762.

49.

Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 607-627.

50.

Sternberg, R. J. (1990). Wisdom and its relations to intelligence and creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 142-159). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

51.

Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2, 347-365.

52.

Sternberg, R.J., (2000). Intelligence and wisdom. In Sternberg, R.J., (Ed.). Handbook of Intelligence (pp. 631-650). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

53.

Takahashi, M., & Bordia, P. (2000). The concept of wisdom: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Psychology, 35, 1-9.

54.

Takayama, M. (2002). The concept of wisdom and wise people in Japan. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tokyo University, Japan.

55.

Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of adult development, 10, 13-22.

56.

Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. ). International Journal of Aging & Human Development. 65, 163-183.

57.

Wink, P., & Helson, R. (1997). Practical and transcendent wisdom: Their nature and some longitudinal findings. Journal of Adult Development, 4, 1-15.

58.

Yang, S. (2000). Conceptions of Wisdom among Taiwanese Chinese. Doctorial dissertation, Yale University.

59.

Ylimaki, R. M. & McClain, L. J. (2009). Wisdom-centred educational leadership. International Journal of Leadership in Education. 12-1. pp. 13-33.

바로가기메뉴

Article Contents

Vol.30 No.4

Developing Korean Wisdom Scale

Abstract

Reference

Korean Journal of Psychology: General