ISSN : 1229-067X
The present study aims at identifying the levels of knowledge and beliefs about eyewitness testimony for Korean judges in comparison to those in three other countries: China, Norway, and the USA. Fifty-eight Korean judges have participated in the survey. Results from the Korean judges were compared to those from judges of the three other countries, obtained from previous studies (Magnusse et al., 2008; Wise et al., 2009). The percentage of correct answers for the Korean judges were lower than Norwegian judges, but higher than those of U.S. judges and Chinese judges. Also, consistnt with previous findings related to three other contries, it was found that the Korean judges also had limited knowledge about eyewitness testimony. Thus, to enhance the level of knowledge and beliefs about eyewitness testimony, there is an urgent need for development and implementation of systematic training programs. After verification of their effectiveness, such programs should be extended to attorneys and prosecutors.
김지영, 김시업 (2006). 목격자 증언의 정확성 제고방안, 형사정책연구원.
김종길 (2010). 경찰수사에 있어서 범죄용의자 식별의 정확도 향상 방안에 관한 연구, 박사논문, 원광대학교 대학원, 2010.
민영성 (2004). 목격자에 의한 범인식별 절차의 적정하고 신용성 평가를 위한 담보방안, 저스티스, 통권 179, 한국법학원.
박종선 (2007). 목격자 진술에 의한 범인식별의 신용성 평가, 중앙법학, 9. 3,
백승민 (2007), 형사절차에 있어서 범인식별에 관한 연구, 저스티스, 통권, 102, 한국법학원.
이종훈 (2010). 법심리학 관점에서 본 진술증거의 평가방법, 저스티스, 통권, 120, 한국법학원.
조원철 (2009). 실무연구: 목격증인의 범인식별과 라인업, 법조, 58, 1
홍기원, 이보영 (2011). 목격증인의 범인식별 진술의 신빙성: 역사적 함의와 신빙성 제고를 중심으로, 법학연구. 43. 195-216.
Ask, K. & Granhag, P. A. (2005). Motivational sources of confirmation bias in criminal investigations: The need for cognitive closure. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2, 43-63.
Ask, K., & Granhag, P. A. (2007). Motivational bias in criminal investigators’ judgments of witness reliability. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 561-591.
Benton, T. R., Ross, D. F., Bradshaw, E., Thomas, W. N., & Bradshaw, G. S. (2006). Eyewitness memory is still not common sense: Comparing jurors, judges, and law enforcement to eyewitness experts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 115-130.
Colwell, L. H. (2005). Cognitive heuristics in the context of legal decision making. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 23, 17-31.
Connors, E., Lundregan, T., Miller, N., & McEwan, T. (1996). Convicted by juries, exonerated by science: Case studies in the use of DNA evidence to establish innocence after trial. Alexandria, VA: National Institute of Justice.
Cutler, B. L. & Penrod, S. D. (1995). Mistaken identifications: The eyewitness, psychology, and the law, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S. D., & Martens, T. K. (1987). Improving the reliability of eyewitness identifications: Putting context into context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 629-637.
Czopp, A. M., Monteith, M. J., & Mark, A. Y. (2006). Standing up for a change: Reducing bias through interpersonal confrontation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 784-803.
Devenport, J. L., Penrod, S. D., & Cutler, B. L. (1997). Eyewitness identification evidence: Evaluating commonsense evaluations. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 3, 338-361.
Frank, M. G., & Ekman, P. (2004). Appearing truthful generalizes across different deception situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 486-495.
Garrido, E., Masip, J., & Herrero, C. (2004). Police officers’ credibility judgments: Accuracy and estimated ability. International Journal of Psychology, 39, 254-275.
Goldstein, A. G., Chance, J. E. & Schneller, G.. R. (1989). Frequency of eyewitness identification in criminal cases: A survey of prosecutors. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27: 71.
Halverson, A. M., Hallahan, M., Hart, A. J., & Rosenthal, R. (1997). Reducing biasing effects of judges’ nonverbal behavior with simplified jury instruction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 590-598.
Kassin, S. M., Ellsworth, P. C, & Smith, V. L. (1989). The “general acceptance” of psychological research on eyewitness testimony: A survey of the experts. American Psychologist, 44, 1089-1098.
Kassin, S. M., Ellsworth, P. C, & Smith, V. L. (2001). The “general acceptance” of psychological research on eyewitness testimony: A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist, 56, 405-416.
Kassin, S. M., Goldstein, C. C., & Savitsky, K. (2003). Behavioral confirmation in the interrogation room: On the dangers of presuming guilt. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 187-203.
Kassin, S. M., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H. M. & Memon, A. (2001). On the ‘general acceptance’ of eyewitness research. A study of experts. American Psychologist, 56: 405-416.
Read, J. D. & Desmarais, S. L. (2009). Lay knowledge of eyewitness issues: A Canadian evaluation. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23, 301 -326.
Lindsay, R. C., Wells, G. L. & Rumpel, C. M. (1981). Can people detect eyewitness- identification accuracy within and across situations?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66: 79 -89.
Lindsay, R. C., Wells, G. L. and O'Connor, F. J. (1989). Mock-juror belief of accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses: A replication and extension. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 333- 339.
Magnussen, S., Wise, R. A., Raja, A. Q., Safer, M. A., Pawlenko, N., & Stridbeck, U. (2008). What judges know about eyewitness testimony: A comparison of Norwegian and US judges. Psychology, Crime & Law, 14, 177- 188.
Neal, T. M. S., Chrisiansen, A., Bornstein, B. H. & Rovicheaux, T. R. (2012). The effects of mock juror's belief about eyewitness performance on trial judgements, Psychology, Crime & Law, 18: 1, 49-64.
Scheck, B., Neufeld, P., & Dwyer, J. (2003). Actual innocence: When justice goes wrong and how to make it right. New York: New American Library.
Schmechel, R. S., O'Toole, T. P., Easterly, C. & Loftus, E. F. 2006. Beyond the ken? Testing jurors’ understanding of eyewitness reliability evidence. Jurimetrics, 46: 177-214.
Smith, A. C., & Green, E. (2005). Conduct and its consequences: Attempts at debiasing jury judgments. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 505- 526.
Steblay, N., Dysart, J. & Fulero, S. (2003). Eyewitness accuracy rates in police showup and lineup presentations: A meta-analytic comparison. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 523 -540.
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Cognitive psychology (3rd edn). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Sumner-Armstron, C., & Newcombe, P. A. (2007): The education of jury members: Influences on the determinations of child witnesses, Psychology, Crime & Law, 13:3, 229-244.
Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections of juror judgments: Implications of jury instructions. Psychology, public policy, and Law, 6, 629-654.
Wells, G. L. (1978). Applied eyewitness testimony research: System variables and estimator variables. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1546-1557.
Wells, G. L. and Leippe, M. R. (1981). How do triers of fact infer the accuracy of eyewitness identifications? Using memory for peripheral detail can be misleading. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 682-687.
Wells, G. L., Small, M., Penrod, S., Malpass, R. S., Fulero, S. M. and Brimacombe, C.A.E. (1998). Eyewitness identifications procedures: Recommendations for lineups and photospreads. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 603-647.
Wells, G. L., Memon, A., & Penrod, S. D. (2006). Eyewitness Evidence: Improving its Probative Value, Psychological Science in the Public Interest.
Wise, R. A. & Safer, M. A., (2004). “What U.S. judges know and believe about eyewitness testimony,” Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 427-443.
Wise, R. A. & Safer, M. A., (2009). How to Analyze the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony in a Criminal Case, Connecticut Law Review.
Wise, R. A., Gong, X., Safer, M. A., & Lee, Y.T. (2010). A comparison of Chinese judges' and US judges' knowledge and beliefs about eyewitness testimony, Psychology, Crime & Law, 16: 8, 695-713.