바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

Korean Journal of Psychology: General

Systematic Review on the Relationship between Sexual Minority Orientation and Suicide Risk

Korean Journal of Psychology: General / Korean Journal of Psychology: General, (P)1229-067X; (E)2734-1127
2018, v.37 no.2, pp.185-220
https://doi.org/10.22257/kjp.2018.06.37.2.185


  • Downloaded
  • Viewed

Abstract

According to previous studies, sexual minority orientation is reported to be associated with higher risk of suicidal behaviors than heterosexual orientation. Considering the gravity of the consequences of suicide, the above results deserve further investigation by researchers. Therefore, the present study aimed to review the relationship between sexual orientation and suicide risk by analyzing peer-reviewed journal articles registered in PsycINFO database from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2016 inclusive. The results indicated that the number of journal articles on sexual orientation and suicide has been on the rise over time. The research methods of the literature were divided into two major categories: empirical research and theoretical/literature review, and the former is subdivided into quantitative, qualitative, and meta-analytic research. Except for the meta-analytic research, the sexual orientation self-reported by people who participated in empirical research was classified into five categories: Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual(LGB), Heterosexual(H), Questioning/Unsure(Q), Lesbian and Gay(LG), and others. The content of entire papers this article includes largely falls into three categories: the relationship between sexual orientation and suicidal behaviors and mediating and moderating factors which affect the relationship between sexual orientation and suicidal behaviors. Finally, encapsulated results of the current article as well as the need and direction of related research in the future were discussed.

keywords
성적 소수자 지향성, 자살 위험성, Sexual Minority Orientation, Suicide Risk

Reference

1.

강병철 (2011). 사회적 낙인 인식이 성적 소수자의 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향. 사회복지연구, 42(2), 381-417.

2.

강병철, 하경희 (2005). 청소년 동성애자의 동성애 관련 특성이 자살 위험성에 미치는 영향. 청소년학연구, 12(3), 267-289.

3.

강병철, 하경희 (2006). 청소년 동성애자의 반동성애 폭력경험과 심리사회적 특성. 아동과 권리, 10(3), 425-440.

4.

강병철, 하경희 (2007). 청소년 동성애자의 드러내기가 자살위험에 미치는 과정에 관한 연구. 한국사회복지연구, 35(0), 167-189.

5.

공성욱, 오강섭, 노경선 (2002). 남성 동성애자와 남성 이성애자의 삶의 질과 정신 건강비교. 神經精神醫學, 41(5), 930-941.

6.

김성연 (2013). 대인관계 심리학적 모형으로 본동성애자의 자살. 고려대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

7.

김유니 (2005). 청소년의 동성애에 대한 태도와 동성애적 성향이 정신 건강에 미치는 영향 연구: 우울과 자살 생각을 중심으로. 숭실대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

8.

김은하, 박승민 (2011). 작업동맹(working alliance)에 관한 국내 연구의 동향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 23(1), 1-25.

9.

김진이 (2016). 가족의 태도가 성적 소수자의 커밍아웃 후 정신 건강에 미치는 영향: 질적연구. 가톨릭대학교 상담심리대학원 석사학위논문.

10.

민재옥 (2016). 사회적 낙인이 이성애자, 게이, 트렌스젠더의 정신 건강에 미치는 영향. 한국상담대학원대학교. 석사학위논문.

11.

배진화 (2008). 동성애자의 자살 관련 행동의 특성. 고려대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

12.

신승배 (2013). 한국 동성애자의 건강 관련 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 요인. 보건사회연구, 33(1), 380-416.

13.

양경미, 방소연, 김순이 (2012). 대학생의 자살생각 영향요인. 스트레스硏究, 20(1), 41-50.

14.

윤가현 (1997). 동성애의 심리학. 서울: 학지사.

15.

이가희 (2010). 한국 사회 속 여성 동성애자들의 반동성애 폭력 경험에 관한 질적 연구. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

16.

조용진(2006). 청소년 동성애 이해 프로그램: 이성애나 동성애나 사람이 사람을 사랑하는 것. 중등우리교육, 195, 58-58.

17.

채규만, 정민철(2004). 한국대학생의 성에 대한 태도와 행동 및 피해 경험에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 9(4), 869-886.

18.

통계청 (2017). 2016년 사망원인통계.

19.

한국게이인권운동단체 친구사이 (2014). 한국LGBTI 커뮤니티 사회적 욕구조사 최종보고서.

20.

Abelson, J., Lambevski, S., Crawford, J., Bartos, M., & Kippax, S. (2006). Factors associated with 'feeling suicidal': The role of sexual identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(1), 59-80.

21.

Almazan, E. P., Roettger, M. E., & Acosta, P. S. (2014). Measures of sexual minority status and suicide risk among young adults in the United States. Archives of Suicide Research, 18(3), 274-281.

22.

Almeida, J., Johnson, R. M., Corliss, H. L., Molnar, B. E., & Azrael, D. (2009). Emotional distress among LGBT youth: The influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(7), 1001-1014.

23.

American Psychological Association. (2008). Answers to your questions: For a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.aspx

24.

American Psychological Association. (2011). Answers to your questions about transgender people, gender identity, and gender expression. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/transgender.aspx

25.

Arnarsson, A., Sveinbjornsdottir, S., Thorsteinsson, E. B., & Bjarnason, T. (2015). Suicidal risk and sexual orientation in adolescence: A population-based study in Iceland. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 43(5), 497-505.

26.

Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480.

27.

Arnett, J. J. (Ed.). (2004). Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens Through the Twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.

28.

Arreola, S., Neilands, T., Pollack, L., Paul, J., & Catania, J. (2008). Childhood sexual experiences and adult health sequelae among gay and bisexual men: Defining childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Sex Research, 45(3), 246-252.

29.

Baams, L., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2015). Minority stress and mechanisms of risk for depression and suicidal ideation among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 688-696.

30.

Baiocco, R., Ioverno, S., Cerutti, R., Santamaria, F., Fontanesi, L., Lingiardi, V., ... & Laghi, F. (2014). Suicidal ideation in Spanish and Italian lesbian and gay young adults: The role of internalized sexual stigma. Psicothema, 26(4), 490-496.

31.

Becker, M., Cortina, K. S., Tsai, Y. M., & Eccles, J. S. (2014). Sexual orientation, psychological well-being, and mental health: A longitudinal analysis from adolescence to young adulthood. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(2), 132-145.

32.

Birkett, M., Espelage, D. L., & Koenig, B. (2009). LGB and questioning students in schools: The moderating effects of homophobic bullying and school climate on negative outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(7), 989-1000.

33.

Blosnich, J., & Bossarte, R. (2012). Drivers of disparity: Differences in socially based risk factors of self-injurious and suicidal behaviors among sexual minority college students. Journal of American College Health, 60(2), 141-149.

34.

Blosnich, J. R., Bossarte, R. M., & Silenzio, V. M. B. (2012). Suicidal ideation among sexual minority veterans: Results from the 2005–2010 massachusetts behavioral risk factor surveillance survey. American Journal of Public Health, 102(S1), S44-S47.

35.

Blosnich, J. R., Nasuti, L. J., Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2016). Suicidality and sexual orientation: Characteristics of symptom severity, disclosure, and timing across the life course. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(1), 69-78.

36.

Bolton, S., & Sareen, J. (2011). Sexual orientation and its relation to mental disorders and suicide attempts: Findings from a nationally representative sample. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(1), 35-43. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/883436328?a ccountid=15179

37.

Bontempo, D. E., & d’Augelli, A. R. (2002). Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths’health risk behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30(5), 364-374.

38.

Bouris, A., Everett, B. G., Heath, R. D., Elsaesser, C. E., & Neilands, T. B. (2016). Effects of victimization and violence on suicidal ideation and behaviors among sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. LGBT health, 3(2), 153-161.

39.

Bouris, A., Guilamo-Ramos, V., Pickard, A., Shiu, C., Loosier, P. S., Dittus, P., ... & Waldmiller, J. M. (2010). A systematic review of parental influences on the health and well-being of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth:Time for a new public health research and practice agenda. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 31(5-6), 273-309.

40.

Braitstein, P., Asselin, J., Schilder, A., Miller, M., Laliberté, N., Schechter, M. T., & Hogg, R. S. (2006). Sexual violence among two populations of men at high risk of HIV infection. AIDS Care, 18(7), 681-689.

41.

Button, D. M. (2015). A general strain approach comparing the effects of victimization, social support, and perceived self-efficacy on LGBQ and heterosexual youth suicidality. Criminal Justice Studies, 28(4), 484-502.

42.

Burton, C. M., Marshal, M. P., Chisolm, D. J., Sucato, G. S., & Friedman, M. S. (2013). Sexual minority-related victimization as a mediator of mental health disparities in sexual minority youth: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(3), 394-402.

43.

Button, D. M. (2016). Understanding the Effects of Victimization: Applying General Strain Theory to the Experiences of LGBQ Youth. Deviant Behavior, 37(5), 537-556.

44.

Button, D. M., O'Connell, D. J., & Gealt, R. (2012). Sexual minority youth victimization and social support: The intersection of sexuality, gender, race, and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(1), 18-43.

45.

Button, D. M., & Worthen, M. G. (2014). General Strain Theory for LGBQ and SSB Youth The Importance of Intersectionality in the Future of Feminist Criminology. Feminist Criminology, 9(4), 270-297.

46.

Bybee, J. A., Sullivan, E. L., Zielonka, E., & Moes, E. (2009). Are gay men in worse mental health than heterosexual men? the role of age, shame and guilt, and coming-out. Journal of Adult Development, 16(3), 144-154.

47.

Cardom, R., Rostosky, S., & Danner, F. (2013). Does “it get better” for depressed sexual minority youth in young adulthood? Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(5), 671-673.

48.

Cénat, J. M., Blais, M., Hébert, M., Lavoie, F., & Guerrier, M. (2015). Correlates of bullying in Quebec high school students: The vulnerability of sexual-minority youth. Journal of Affective Disorders, 183, 315-321.

49.

Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2015). Mortality risks among persons reporting same-sex sexual partners: Evidence from the 2008 General Social Survey—National death index data set. American Journal of Public Health, 105(2), 358-364.

50.

Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2011). Sexual orientation and mortality among US men aged 17 to 59 years: Results from the national health and nutrition examination survey III. American Journal of Public Health, 101(6), 1133-1138.

51.

Cochran, S. D., Mays, V. M., Alegria, M., Ortega, A. N., & Takeuchi, D. (2007). Mental health and substance use disorders among latino and asian american lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 785-794.

52.

Coker, T. R., Austin, S. B., & Schuster, M. A. (2010). The health and health care of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents. Annual Review of Public Health, 31, 457-477.

53.

Collier, K. L., van Beusekom, G., Bos, H. M. W., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2013). Sexual orientation and gender identity/expression related peer victimization in adolescence: A systematic review of associated psychosocial and health outcomes. Journal of Sex Research, 50(3-4), 299-317.

54.

Conron, K. J., Mimiaga, M. J., & Landers, S. J. (2010). A population-based study of sexual orientation identity and gender differences in adult health. American Journal of Public Health, 100(10), 1953-1960.

55.

Cover, R. (2013). Conditions of living: Queer youth suicide, homonormative tolerance, and relative misery. Journal of LGBT Youth, 10(4), 328-350.

56.

Craig, S. L., & McInroy, L. (2013). The relationship of cumulative stressors, chronic illness and abuse to the self‐reported suicide risk of black and hispanic sexual minority youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 41(7), 783-798.

57.

Cramer, R. J., Burks, A. C., Stroud, C. H., Bryson, C. N., & Graham, J. (2015). A moderated mediation analysis of suicide proneness among lesbian, gay, and bisexual community members. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34(7), 622-641.

58.

Cramer, R. J., Stroud, C. H., Fraser, T., & Graham, J. (2014). A trait‐interpersonal analysis of suicide proneness among lesbian, gay, and bisexual community members. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(6), 601-615.

59.

D'augelli, A. R., Grossman, A. H., Salter, N. P., Vasey, J. J., Starks, M. T., & Sinclair, K. O. (2005). Predicting the suicide attempts of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35(6), 646-660.

60.

de Graaf, R., Sandfort, T. G. M., & ten Have, M. (2006). Suicidality and sexual orientation:Differences between men and women in a general population-based sample from the netherlands. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35(3), 253-262.

61.

Dean, L., Meyer, I. H., Robinson, K., Sell, R. L., Sember, R., Silenzio, V. M., ... & Dunn, P. (2000). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health: Findings and concerns. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 4(3), 102-151.

62.

Denny, S., Lucassen, M. F., Stuart, J., Fleming, T., Bullen, P., Peiris-John, R., ... & Utter, J. (2016). The association between supportive high school environments and depressive symptoms and suicidality among sexual minority students. Journal of Clinical Child &Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 248-261.

63.

Deuba, K., Ekström, A. M., Shrestha, R., Ionita, G., Bhatta, L., & Karki, D. K. (2013). Psychosocial health problems associated with increased HIV risk behavior among men who have sex with men in nepal: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS ONE, 8(3), 1-11.

64.

Diamond, G. M., Shilo, G., Jurgensen, E., D'Augelli, A., Samarova, V., & White, K. (2011). How depressed and suicidal sexual minority adolescents understand the causes of their distress. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 15(2), 130-151.

65.

DiFulvio, G. T. (2011). Sexual minority youth, social connection and resilience: From personal struggle to collective identity. Social Science &Medicine, 72(10), 1611-1617. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/894160961?a ccountid=15179

66.

Dirkes, J., Hughes, T., Ramirez‐Valles, J., Johnson, T., & Bostwick, W. (2016). Sexual identity development: Relationship with lifetime suicidal ideation in sexual minority women. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25, 3545-3556.

67.

Duncan, D. T., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2014). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender hate crimes and suicidality among a populationbased sample of sexual-minority adolescents in Boston. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 272-278.

68.

Dyer, T. P., Regan, R., Pacek, L. R., Acheampong, A., & Khan, M. R. (2015). Psychosocial vulnerability and HIV-related sexual risk among men who have sex with men and women in the United States. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(2), 429-441.

69.

Eisenberg, M. E., Gower, A. L., & McMorris, B. J. (2016). Emotional health of lesbian, gay, bisexual and questioning bullies: Does it differ from straight bullies?. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(1), 105-116.

70.

Eisenberg, M. E., McMorris, B. J., Gower, A. L., & Chatterjee, D. (2016). Bullying victimization and emotional distress: Is there strength in numbers for vulnerable youth? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 86, 13-19.

71.

Eisenberg, M. E., & Resnick, M. D. (2006). Suicidality among gay, lesbian and bisexual youth: The role of protective factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(5), 662-668.

72.

Eliason, M. (2011). Introduction to special issue on suicide, mental health, and youth development. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(1), 4-9.

73.

Eskin, M., Kaynak-Demir, H., & Demir, S. (2005). Same-sex sexual orientation, childhood sexual abuse, and suicidal behavior in university students in turkey. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(2), 185-195.

74.

Espelage, D. L., Aragon, S. R., Birkett, M., & Koenig, B. W. (2008). Homophobic teasing, psychological outcomes, and sexual orientation among high school students: What influence do parents and schools have? School Psychology Review, 37(2), 202-216. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/622051512?a ccountid=15179

75.

Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Ridder, E. M., & Beautrais, A. L. (2005). Sexual orientation and mental health in a birth cohort of young adults. Psychological Medicine, 35(7), 971-981.

76.

Fish, J. N., & Pasley, K. (2015). Sexual (minority)trajectories, mental health, and alcohol use: A longitudinal study of youth as they transition to adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(8), 1508-1527.

77.

Fitzpatrick, K. K., Euton, S. J., Jones, J. N., & Schmidt, N. B. (2005). Gender role, sexual orientation and suicide risk. Journal of Affective Disorders, 87(1), 35-42.

78.

Fleming, T. M., Merry, S. N., Robinson, E. M., Denny, S. J., & Watson, P. D. (2007). Self-reported suicide attempts and associated risk and protective factors among secondary school students in new zealand. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(3), 213-221.

79.

Flynn, A. B., Johnson, R. M., Bolton, S. L., & Mojtabai, R. (2016). Victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people in childhood:Associations with attempted suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 46(4), 457-470.

80.

Fried, L. E., Williams, S., Cabral, H., & Hacker, K. (2013). Differences in risk factors for suicide attempts among 9th and 11th grade youth: A longitudinal perspective. The Journal of School Nursing, 29(2), 113-122. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1426226444?accountid=15179

81.

Garnett, B. R., Masyn, K. E., Austin, S. B., Miller, M., Williams, D. R., & Viswanath, K. (2014). The intersectionality of discrimination attributes and bullying among youth: An applied latent class analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(8) 1225-1239.

82.

Garofalo, R., Wolf, R. C., Kessel, S., Palfrey, J., & Durant, R. H. (1998). The association between health risk behaviors and sexual orientation among a school-based sample of adolescents. Pediatrics, 101(5), 895-902.

83.

Gattis, M. N., & Larson, A. (2016). Perceived racial, sexual identity, and homeless status-related discrimination among Black adolescents and young adults experiencing homelessness: Relations with depressive symptoms and suicidality. American Journal Of Orthopsychiatry, 86(1), 79-90.

84.

Gibbs, J. J., & Goldbach, J. (2015). Religious conflict, sexual identity, and suicidal behaviors among LGBT young adults. Archives of suicide research, 19(4), 472-488.

85.

Goodenow, C., Szalacha, L., & Westheimer, K. (2006). School support groups, other school factors, and the safety of sexual minority adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 43(5), 573-589.

86.

Haas, A. P., Eliason, M., Mays, V. M., Mathy, R. M., Cochran, S. D., D'Augelli, A. R., ... & Clayton, P. J. (2011). Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: Review and recommendations. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(1), 10-51.

87.

Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2011). The social environment and suicide attempts in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Pediatrics, 127(5), 896-903.

88.

Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Birkett, M., Van Wagenen, A., & Meyer, I. H. (2014). Protective school climates and reduced risk for suicide ideation in sexual minority youths. Journal Information, 104(2), 279-286.

89.

Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Keyes, K. M. (2013). Inclusive anti-bullying policies and reduced risk of suicide attempts in lesbian and gay youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), S21-S26.

90.

Hegna, K., & Wichstrøm, L. (2007). Suicide attempts among norwegian gay, lesbian and bisexual youths: General and specific risk factors. Acta Sociologica, 50(1), 21-37.

91.

Hidaka, Y., & Operario, D. (2006). Attempted suicide, psychological health and exposure to harassment among japanese homosexual, bisexual or other men questioning their sexual orientation recruited via the internet. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60(11), 962-967.

92.

Hightow-Weidman, L., Phillips, G.,II, Jones, K. C., Outlaw, A. Y., Fields, S. D., & Smith, J. C. (2011). Racial and sexual identity-related maltreatment among minority YMSM:Prevalence, perceptions, and the association with emotional distress. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25, S39-S45.

93.

Hill, R. M., & Pettit, J. W. (2012). Suicidal ideation and sexual orientation in college students: The roles of perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and perceived rejection due to sexual orientation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 42(5), 567-579.

94.

Holloway, I. W., Padilla, M. B., Willner, L., & Guilamo-Ramos, V. (2015). Effects of minority stress processes on the mental health of Latino men who have sex with men and women: A qualitative study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(7), 2087-2097.

95.

Horton, P. (2014). ‘I thought I was the only one’: The misrecognition of LGBT youth in contemporary Vietnam. Culture, Health &Sexuality, 16(8), 960-973.

96.

Hottes, T. S., Gesink, D., Ferlatte, O., Brennan, D. J., Rhodes, A. E., Marchand, R., & Trussler, T. (2016). Concealment of sexual minority identities in interviewer-administered government surveys and its impact on estimates of suicide ideation among bisexual and gay men. Journal of Bisexuality, 16(4), 427-453.

97.

Hughes, J. R. (2006). A general review of recent reports on homosexuality and lesbianism. Sexuality and Disability, 24(4), 195-205.

98.

Irwin, J. A., & Austin, E. L. (2013). Suicide ideation and suicide attempts among white southern lesbians. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 17(1), 4-20.

99.

Jackman, K., Honig, J., & Bockting, W. (2016). Nonsuicidal self‐injury among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender populations: An integrative review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(23-24), 3438-3453.

100.

Jacobsen, J., & Wright, R. (2014). Mental health implications in mormon women’s experiences with same-sex attraction a qualitative study. The Counseling Psychologist, 42(5), 664-696.

101.

Jiang, Y., Perry, D. K., & Hesser, J. E. (2010). Adolescent suicide and health risk behaviors: Rhode island's 2007 youth risk behavior survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(5), 551-555.

102.

Julien, D., Jouvin, E., Jodoin, E., l'Archevêque, A., & Chartrand, E. (2008). Adjustment among mothers reporting same-gender sexual partners:A study of a representative population sample from quebec province (canada). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(6), 864-876.

103.

Kim, S., & Yang, E. (2015). Suicidal ideation in gay men and lesbians in South Korea: A test of the interpersonal‐psychological model. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(1), 98-110.

104.

King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1), 1-17.

105.

Lea, T., de Wit, J., & Reynolds, R. (2014). Minority stress in lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults in Australia: Associations with psychological distress, suicidality, and substance use. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(8), 1571-1578.

106.

Legleye, S., Beck, F., Peretti-Watel, P., Chau, N., & Firdion, J. M. (2010). Suicidal ideation among young french adults: Association with occupation, family, sexual activity, personal background and drug use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123(1-3), 108-115.

107.

Levy, S. A., Russon, J., & Diamond, G. M. (2016). Attachment‐Based family therapy for suicidal lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents:A case study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 37(2), 190-206.

108.

Lhomond, B., & Saurel-Cubizolles, M. (2006). Violence against women and suicide risk: The neglected impact of same-sex sexual behaviour. Social Science & Medicine, 62(8), 2002-2013.

109.

Liu, R. T., & Mustanski, B. (2012). Suicidal ideation and self-harm in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(3), 221-228.

110.

Livingston, N. A., Heck, N. C., Flentje, A., Gleason, H., Oost, K. M., & Cochran, B. N. (2015). Sexual minority stress and suicide risk:Identifying resilience through personality profile analysis. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 321-328.

111.

Loosier, P. S., & Dittus, P. J. (2010). Group differences in risk across three domains using an expanded measure of sexual orientation. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 31(5-6), 261-272.

112.

Lytle, M. C., De Luca, S. M., & Blosnich, J. R. (2014). The influence of intersecting identities on self‐harm, suicidal behaviors, and depression among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(4), 384-391.

113.

Marshal, M. P., Dermody, S. S., Cheong, J., Burton, C. M., Friedman, M. S., Aranda, F., & Hughes, T. L. (2013). Trajectories of depressive symptoms and suicidality among heterosexual and sexual minority youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(8), 1243-1256.

114.

Marshal, M. P., Dietz, L. J., Friedman, M. S., Stall, R., Smith, H. A., McGinley, J., ... & Brent, D. A. (2011). Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(2), 115-123.

115.

Matarazzo, B. B., Barnes, S. M., Pease, J. L., Russell, L. M., Hanson, J. E., Soberay, K. A., & Gutierrez, P. M. (2014). Suicide risk among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender military personnel and veterans: What does the literature tell us?. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(2), 200-217.

116.

Mathy, R. M., Cochran, S. D., Olsen, J., & Mays, V. M. (2011). The association between relationship markers of sexual orientation and suicide: Denmark, 1990–2001. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(2), 111-117.

117.

McAndrew, S., & Warne, T. (2010). Coming out to talk about suicide: Gay men and suicidality. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 19(2), 92-101.

118.

McDermott, E., Roen, K., & Scourfield, J. (2008). Avoiding shame: Young LGBT people, homophobia and self-destructive behaviours. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(8), 815-829.

119.

McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Xuan, Z., & Conron, K. J. (2012). Disproportionate exposure to early-life adversity and sexual orientation disparities in psychiatric morbidity. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(9), 645-655.

120.

Meyer, I. H., Teylan, M., & Schwartz, S. (2015). The role of help‐seeking in preventing suicide attempts among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(1), 25-36.

121.

Moon, M. W., Fornili, K., & O'Briant, A. L. (2007). Risk comparison among youth who report sex with same-sex versus both-sex partners. Youth & Society, 38(3), 267-284.

122.

Mu, H., Li, Y., Liu, L., Na, J., Yu, L., Bi, X., ... & Zhang, R. (2016). Prevalence and risk factors for lifetime suicide ideation, plan and attempt in Chinese men who have sex with men. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 1-10.

123.

Mueller, A. S., James, W., Abrutyn, S., & Levin, M. L. (2015). Suicide ideation and bullying among US adolescents: Examining the intersections of sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity. American Journal of Public Health, 105(5), 980-985.

124.

Mustanski, B. S., Garofalo, R., & Emerson, E. M. (2010). Mental health disorders, psychological distress, and suicidality in a diverse sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2426-2432.

125.

Mustanski, B., & Liu, R. T. (2013). A longitudinal study of predictors of suicide attempts among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(3), 437-448.

126.

Needham, B. L. (2012). Sexual attraction and trajectories of mental health and substance use during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(2), 179-190.

127.

Needham, B. L., & Austin, E. L. (2010). Sexual orientation, parental support, and health during the transition to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(10), 1189-1198.

128.

Outlaw, A. Y., Phillips, G.,II, Hightow-Weidman, L., Fields, S. D., Hidalgo, J., Halpern-Felsher, B., & Green-Jones, M. (2011). Age of MSM sexual debut and risk factors: Results from a multisite study of racial/ethnic minority YMSM living with HIV. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25(S1), S23-S29.

129.

Peter, T., Taylor, C., & Campbell, C. (2016). “You can't break… when you're already broken”: The importance of school climate to suicidality among LGBTQ youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 20(3), 195-213.

130.

Plöderl, M., & Fartacek, R. (2009). Childhood gender nonconformity and harassment as predictors of suicidality among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual austrians. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(3), 400-410.

131.

Plöderl, M., Kralovec, K., & Fartacek, R. (2010). The relation between sexual orientation and suicide attempts in austria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1403-1414.

132.

Plöderl, M., & Tremblay, P. (2015). Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(5), 367-385.

133.

Plöderl, M., Wagenmakers, E., Tremblay, P., Ramsay, R., Kralovec, K., Fartacek, C., & Fartacek, R. (2013). Suicide risk and sexual orientation: A critical review. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(5), 715-727.

134.

Pompili, M., Lester, D., Forte, A., Seretti, M. E., Erbuto, D., Lamis, D. A., ... & Girardi, P. (2014). Bisexuality and suicide: A systematic review of the current literature. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11(8), 1903-1913.

135.

Poon, C. S., & Saewyc, E. M. (2009). Out yonder:Sexual-minority adolescents in rural communities in british columbia. American Journal of Public Health, 99(1), 118-124.

136.

Poteat, V. P., Aragon, S. R., Espelage, D. L., & Koenig, B. W. (2009). Psychosocial concerns of sexual minority youth: Complexity and caution in group differences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(1), 196-201.

137.

Poteat, V. P., Mereish, E. H., DiGiovanni, C. D., & Koenig, B. W. (2011). The effects of general and homophobic victimization on adolescents' psychosocial and educational concerns: The importance of intersecting identities and parent support. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 597-609.

138.

Power, E., Coughlan, H., Clarke, M., Kelleher, I., Lynch, F., Connor, D., Fitzpatrick, C., Harley, M. and Cannon, M. (2016). Nonsuicidal self-injury, suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts among sexual minority youth in Ireland during their emerging adult years. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 10(5), 441–445.

139.

K. E., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2014). A compensatory model of risk and resilience applied to adolescent sexual orientation disparities in nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(5), 545-556.

140.

Renaud, J., Berlim, M. T., Begolli, M., McGirr, A., & Turecki, G. (2010). Sexual orientation and gender identity in youth suicide victims:An exploratory study. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(1), 29-34. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/879097399?a ccountid=15179

141.

Robinson, J. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2011). Inequities in educational and psychological outcomes between LGBTQ and straight students in middle and high school. Educational Researcher, 40(7), 315-330.

142.

Robinson, J. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2012). Bullying explains only part of LGBTQ–heterosexual risk disparities: Implications for policy and practice. Educational Researcher, 41(8), 309-319.

143.

Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2005). Psychological distress following suicidality among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: Role of social relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(2), 149-161.

144.

Rose, H. A., Rodgers, K. B., & Small, S. A. (2006). Sexual identity confusion and problem behaviors in adolescents: A risk and resilience approach. Marriage & Family Review, 40(2-3), 131-160.

145.

Russell, S. T. (2003). Sexual minority youth and suicide risk. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(9), 1241-1257.

146.

Russell, S. T., & Joyner, K. (2001). Adolescent sexual orientation and suicide risk: Evidence from a national study. American Journal of Public Health, 91(8), 1276–1280.

147.

Russell, S. T., & Toomey, R. B. (2012). Men’s sexual orientation and suicide: evidence for US adolescent-specific risk. Social Science &Medicine, 74(4), 523-529.

148.

Ryan, C., Russell, S. T., Huebner, D., Diaz, R., & Sanchez, J. (2010). Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23(4), 205-213.

149.

Sabidó, M., Kerr, L. R. F. S., Mota, R. S., Benzaken, A. S., Pinho, A. D. A., Guimaraes, M. D., ... & Kendall, C. (2015). Sexual Violence Against Men Who Have Sex with Men in Brazil: A Respondent-Driven Sampling Survey. AIDS and Behavior, 19(9), 1630-1641.

150.

Safren, S. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1999). Depression, hopelessness, suicidality, and related factors in sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 859–866.

151.

Sanders, E. K., & Chalk, H. M. (2016). Predictors of Psychological Outcomes in Nonheterosexual Individuals. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 21(2), 100-110.

152.

Scourfield, J., Roen, K., & McDermott, L. (2008). Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender young people's experiences of distress: Resilience, ambivalence and self-destructive behaviour. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16(3), 329-336.

153.

Seil, K. S., Desai, M. M., & Smith, M. V. (2014). Sexual orientation, adult connectedness, substance use, and mental health outcomes among adolescents: Findings from the 2009New York City Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Journal Information, 104(10), 1950-1956.

154.

Selemogwe, M., & White, D. (2013). An overview of gay, lesbian and bisexual issues in botswana. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 17(4), 406-414.

155.

Shadick, R., Dagirmanjian, F. B., & Barbot, B. (2015). Suicide Risk Among College Students. Crisis, 36(6), 416-423.

156.

Shah, A. (2007). The relationship between suicide rates and age: An analysis of multinational data from the World Health Organization. International Psychogeriatrics, 19(6), 1141-1152.

157.

Shah, A. (2012). Suicide rates: Age-associated trends and their correlates. Journal of Injury and Violence Research, 4(2), 79–86.

158.

Shah, A., & De, T. (1998). Suicide and the elderly. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2(1), 3-17.

159.

Shearer, A., Herres, J., Kodish, T., Squitieri, H., James, K., Russon, J., ... & Diamond, G. S. (2016). Differences in mental health symptoms across lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning youth in primary care settings. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(1), 38-43.

160.

Shields, J. P., Whitaker, K., Glassman, J., Franks, H. M., & Howard, K. (2012). Impact of victimization on risk of suicide among lesbian, gay, and bisexual high school students in san francisco. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(4), 418-420.

161.

Shtayermman, O., Reilly, B. E., & Knight, K. L. (2012). An examination of DSM-IV-TR risk factors and environmental risk factors for suicidal ideation among college students. Best Practices in Mental Health: An International Journal, 8(1), 52-69. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1033449180? accountid=15179

162.

Silenzio, V. M. B., Pena, J. B., Duberstein, P. R., Cerel, J., & Knox, K. L. (2007). Sexual orientation and risk factors for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Public Health, 97(11), 2017-2019.

163.

Silva, C., Chu, C., Monahan, K. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2015). Suicide risk among sexual minority college students: A mediated moderation model of sex and perceived burdensomeness. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(1), 22-23.

164.

Sinclair, K. O., Bauman, S., Poteat, V. P., Koenig, B., & Russell, S. T. (2012). Cyber and bias-based harassment: Associations with academic, substance use, and mental health problems. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(5), 521-523.

165.

Skerrett, D. M., Kõlves, K., & De Leo, D. (2015). Are LGBT populations at a higher risk for suicidal behaviors in Australia? Research findings and implications. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(7), 883-901.

166.

Skerrett, D. M., Kõlves, K., & De Leo, D. (2016). Factors related to suicide in LGBT populations: A psychological autopsy case-control study in Australia. Crisis, 37(5), 361-369.

167.

Smalley, N., Scourfield, J., & Greenland, K. (2005). Young people, gender and suicide: A review of research on the social context. Journal of Social Work, 5(2), 133-154.

168.

Smith, B. C., Armelie, A. P., Boarts, J. M., Brazil, M., & Delahanty, D. L. (2016). PTSD, depression, and substance use in relation to suicidality risk among traumatized minority lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Archives of Suicide Research, 20(1), 80-93.

169.

Solarz, A. L. (Ed.). (1999). Lesbian health: Current assessment and directions for the future. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

170.

Suicide Prevention Resource Center. (2008). Suicide risk and prevention for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Newton, MA: Education Development Center. Retrieved from http://www.sprc.org/sites/default/files/migrate/libr ary/SPRC_LGBT_Youth.pdf

171.

Sutter, M., & Perrin, P. B. (2016). Discrimination, mental health, and suicidal ideation among LGBTQ people of color. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 98-105.

172.

Steele, L. S., Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., Veldhuizen, S., & Tinmouth, J. M. (2009). Women's sexual orientation and health:Results from a canadian population-based survey. Women & Health, 49(5), 353-367.

173.

Stone, D. M., Luo, F., Lippy, C., & McIntosh, W. L. (2015). The role of social connectedness and sexual orientation in the prevention of youth suicide ideation and attempts among sexually active adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(4), 415-430.

174.

Stone, D. M., Luo, F., Ouyang, L., Liffy, C., Hertz, M. F., & Crosby, A. E. (2014). Sexual orientation and suicide ideation, plans, attempts, and medically serious attempts:Evidence from local youth risk behavior surveys, 2001–2009. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 262–271.

175.

Stroud, C. H., Cramer, R. J., La Guardia, A. C., Crosby, J. W., & Henderson, C. E. (2015). Personality, spirituality, suicide, and self-injury proneness among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 18(9), 777-788.

176.

Subhi, N., & Geelan, D. (2012). When christianity and homosexuality collide: Understanding the potential intrapersonal conflict. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(10), 1382-1402.

177.

Swannell, S., Martin, G., & Page, A. (2016). Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury among lesbian, gay, bisexual and heterosexual adults: Findings from an Australian national study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(2), 145-153.

178.

Tabaac, A. R., Perrin, P. B., & Rabinovitch, A. E. (2016). The relationship between social support and suicide risk in a national sample of ethnically diverse sexual minority women. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 20(2), 116-126.

179.

Talley, A. E., Brown, S. L., Cukrowicz, K., & Bagge, C. L. (2015). Sexual Self‐Concept Ambiguity and the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Risk. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 46(2), 127-140.

180.

Teasdale, B., & Bradley-Engen, M. (2010). Adolescent same-sex attraction and mental health: The role of stress and support. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(2), 287-309.

181.

Tomori, C., McFall, A. M., Srikrishnan, A. K., Mehta, S. H., Solomon, S. S., Anand, S., ... & Celentano, D. D. (2016). Diverse rates of depression among men who have sex with men (MSM) across India: Insights from a multi-site mixed method study. AIDS and Behavior, 20(2), 304-316.

182.

Tsypes, A., Lane, R., Paul, E., & Whitlock, J. (2016). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in heterosexual and sexual minority young adults. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 65, 32-43.

183.

Vaccaro, A., & Mena, J. A. (2011). It's not burnout, it's more: Queer college activists of color and mental health. Journal of Gay &Lesbian Mental Health, 15(4), 339-367.

184.

van Lisdonk, J., & Keuzenkamp, S. (2016). Towards bi-inclusive policies: Suggestions based on research on Dutch same-sex attracted young people. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 14(2), 1-17.

185.

Velkoff, E. A., Forrest, L. N., Dodd, D. R., & Smith, A. R. (2016). Identity, relationship satisfaction, and disclosure: Predicting suicide risk among sexual minority. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(2), 261-274.

186.

Walls, N. E., Potter, C., & Van Leeuwen, J. (2009). Where risks and protective factors operate differently: Homeless sexual minority youth and suicide attempts. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 26(3), 235-257.

187.

Wang, J., Häusermann, M., Wydler, H., Mohler-Kuo, M., & Weiss, M. G. (2012). Suicidality and sexual orientation among men in switzerland: Findings from 3 probability surveys. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(8), 980-986.

188.

Wells, K. (2009). Research exploring the health, wellness, and safety concerns of sexual minority youth. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 18(4), 221-229. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/754033354?a ccountid=15179

189.

Whitaker, K., Shapiro, V. B., & Shields, J. P. (2016). School-based protective factors related to suicide for lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(1), 63-68.

190.

Wilder, H., & Wilder, J. (2012). In the wake of Don’t ask Don’t tell: Suicide prevention and outreach for LGB service members. Military Psychology, 24(6), 624-642.

191.

Williams, K. A., & Chapman, M. V. (2011). Comparing health and mental health needs, service use, and barriers to services among sexual minority youths and their peers. Health & Social Work, 36(3), 197-206.

192.

Woodhead, C., Gazard, B., Hotopf, M., Rahman, Q., Rimes, K. A., & Hatch, S. L. (2016). Mental health among UK inner city non-heterosexuals: The role of risk factors, protective factors and place. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 25(5), 450-461.

193.

Woodward, E. N., Wingate, L., Gray, T. W., & Pantalone, D. W. (2014). Evaluating thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness as predictors of suicidal ideation in sexual minority adults. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(3), 234-243.

194.

Zhao, Y., Montoro, R., Igartua, K., & Thombs, B. D. (2010). Suicidal ideation and attempt among adolescents reporting "unsure" sexual identity or heterosexual identity plus same-sex attraction or behavior: Forgotten groups? Journal of the American Academy of Child &Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(2), 104-113.

Korean Journal of Psychology: General