본 연구에서는 자기결정이론에 바탕을 두고 상담에서 내담자가 경험하는 기본 심리적 욕구 만족을 측정할 수 있는 척도를 개발하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 내담자를 대상으로 심층 면담한 내용과 기존의 기본 심리적 욕구 만족 척도들을 문항풀로 사용하여 내담자의 기본 심리적 욕구 만족 척도 18문항을 개발하고 타당화하였다. 개발된 척도의 문항들은 상담 장면에서 특징적으로 경험할 수 있는 욕구 만족을 잘 반영하는 것으로 나타났으며, 신뢰도와 타당도가 우수하였다. 세 가지 하위요인인 자율성, 유능감, 관계성이 상담성과를 잘 예측하는 것으로 나타났으며, 상담자의 상담시간평가와 상담만족도는 관계성, 내담자의 상담시간평가는 자율성과 관계성, 내담자의 상담만족도는 유능감과 관계성의 예측력이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 자율성과 관계성 만족 척도의 경우 내담자의 애착척도의 몰입 차원과 유의한 정적 상관을 나타내어, 측정치에 전이 감정이나 몰입 애착이 혼입되어 있을 가능성을 보였다. 논의에서 본 연구의 이론적·임상적 의의와 연구의 제한점을 논하였으며, 추후 연구 방향을 제안하였다.
This study aimed the development and validation of the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction in Therapeutic Relationships (BPNS-TR) based on self-determination theory. Item pool was developed based on in-depth interviews with clients and self-determination theory literature. Responses to the scale were fitted to a 3-factor structure. The scale and the three subscales (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness) within the scale also showed reliability and validity at an acceptable level. Results of multiple regression indicated that the three subscales significantly predicted counseling outcomes (i.e., clients satisfaction and session evaluation). However, the both autonomy and relatedness were positively associated with preoccupied-merger attachment, which might imply measurement confounding in autonomy and relatedness satisfaction of clients. Theoretical and clinical implications and limitations of the findings are discussed, and direction for further research is discussed.
강혜영 (1995). 상담자 경력에 따른 상담협력관계의 차이 분석. 서울대학교 석사학위 논문.
곽소영, 손은정 (2008). 이성관계에서 심리적 욕구충족이 관계만족에 미치는 영향: 내재적 동기와 갈등해결전략의 매개역할. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 13(2), 177-195.
김원중 (1993). 상담자 자기 개방이 관찰자의 상담평가에 미치는 영향. 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
김은영 (2007). 남녀 대학생의 자율성, 유능감, 관계성이 진로미결정에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 19(4), 1079- 1100.
김은정, 권정혜 (1998). 우울증상과 관련된 대인관계 특성: 성인기 애착관계 형성을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 17(1), 139- 153.
김현주 (2010). 부모-자녀 의사소통 및 기본 심리적 욕구 척도 개발을 통한 청소년 안녕감 설명 변인 연구. 충남대학교 박사학위 논문.
성태제 (1998). 문항제작 및 분석의 이론과 실제. 서울: 학지사.
신은향 (1998). 상담에 대한 내담자의 자기결정적 동기에 관한 연구. 서울대학교 석사학위
신희천, 한소영, 양욱석 (2009). IAT를 이용한 부모-자녀 관계 만족의 암묵적 측정. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 치료, 21(2), 369-396.
엄명용, 조성우 (2005). 사회복지실천과 척도개발. 학지사.
오경희 (1986). 초기 상담에서 상담자의 반응의도 전달이 내담자의 의도지각 및 상담의 효율성 평가에 미치는 영향. 서울대학교 석사학위논문.
이누미야 요시유키, 김윤주 (2006). 긍정적 환상의 한일비교: 주체성 자기와 대상성 자기에 의한 설명. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 20(4), 19-34.
이명희, 김아영 (2008). 자기결정성이론에 근거한 한국형 기본 심리 욕구 척도 개발 및 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 22 (4), 157-174.
이민희 (2007). 학습장면에서 자기결정론의 동기화 경로 모형 검증. 중앙대학교 박사학위 논문
이상희, 김계현 (1993). 상담회기 평가질문지의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담과 심리치료, 5(1), 30-47.
이수림 (2008). 상담자의 지혜와 상담과정 및 성과에 관한 연구. 가톨릭대학교 박사학위 논문.
이수현 (2008). 상담에 대한 내담자의 자기결정적 동기와 상담성과의 관계, 영남대학교 석사학위 논문
정방자 (1986). 정신역동적 상담과정에서의 상담자와 내담자의 언어반응 변화 분석. 서울대학교 박사학위논문.
지승희 (2001). 회피형 내담자가 지각하는 상담 과정 및 변화 요인 연구 - 애착 이론적 조망에서, 이화여자대학교 박사학위논문.
최윤미 (1987). 상담자의 반응의도와 상담회기의 효율성에 관한 분석 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담과 심리치료, 1(1), 47-78.
최희철, 황매향, 김연진 (2009). 아동의 부모에 대한 관계성과 안녕(well-being) 사이의 자기회귀 교차지연 효과 검증. 교육심리연구, 23(3), 561-579.
최희철, 황매향, 김연진 (2009). 청소년의 부모에 대한 관계성에 삶과 만족 사이의 자기회귀 교차지연 효과 검증. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 21(2), 537-558.
탁진국 (1998). 심리검사 개발과 평가방법의 이해. 학지사.
한성열 (2008). 한국문화의 맥락에서 본 교육의식: 한국사회에서 교육적 성취에 대한 심리학적 분석. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 14(1), 33-46.
한소영 (2010). 내담자의 기본 심리적 욕구 만족과 상담성과. 아주대학교 박사학위논문.
한소영, 신희천 (2006). 커플 기본 심리적 욕구 중요성 척도의 개발. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 18(4), 817-835.
한소영, 신희천 (2007). 커플 기본 심리적 욕구 중요성 척도의 다집단 요인분석과 잠재평균분석. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 19(2), 447-465.
한소영, 신희천 (2009). 대학생이 지각한 부모-자녀 관계에서의 기본 심리적 욕구 만족감이 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 치료, 21(2), 439-464.
허진자, 고재홍 (2008). 부부의 심리적 욕구차이, 배우자 욕구오해 및 부부갈등간의 관계 부부의 심리적 욕구차이, 배우자 욕구오해 및 부부갈등간의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 22(4), 27-41.
홍세희 (2007). 구조 방정식 모형의 이론과 응용. 미발간 워크숍 교재.
황인호 (2004). 상담자의 자기효능감과 역전이 행동 및 상담협력관계가 상담만족도에 미치는 영향. 건국대학교 박사학위 논문.
APA Presidential Task force on Evidence-Based Practice. (2006). Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology. American Psychologist, 61(4), 271- 285.
Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: A motivational basis of performance and well-being in two work settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(10), 2045-2068.
Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development. Vol. 6. Six theories of child development (pp.1-60). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Barak, A. & LaCrosse, M. B. (1975). Multidimensional perception of counselor behavior. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 471-476.
Barrett-Lennard, T. G. (1962). Dimensions of therapist response as causal factors in therapeutic change. Psychological Monographs, 43, 1-13.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.
Bergin, A. E., & Lambert, M. J. (1978). The evaluation of outcomes in psychotherapy. In S. L. Garfield and A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis (2nd ed., pp.139-189). New York: Wiley.
Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16(3), 252-260.
Chirkov, V. I., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Parent and teacher autonomy-support in russian and u.s. adolescents: Common effects on well-being and academic motivation. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 32, 618-635.
Colby, K. M. (1951). Primer for psychotherapist. Ronald Press.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plennum.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Dozier, M. (1990). Attachment organization and treatment use for adults with serious psychopathological disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 47-60.
Fenton, L. R., Cecero, J. J., Nich, C., Frankforter, T. L., & Carroll, K. M. (2001). Perspective is everything: The predictive validity of working alliance instruments. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 10, 262–268.
Gagne, M., Ryan, R. M., & Bargmann, K. (2003). Autonomy support and need satisfaction in the motivation and well-being of gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(4), 372- 390.
Goldfried, M. R. & Davila, J. (2005). The role of relationship and technique in therapeutic change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42(4), 421-430.
Horvath, A. O. (2001). The alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 365–372.
Horvath, A. O., & Bedi, R. P. (2002). The alliance. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (pp.37–69). New York: Oxford University Press.
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 223-232.
Horvath, A. O., & Symonds, B. D. (1991). Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 139-149.
Hubble, M. A., Duncan, B. L., Miller, & Wampold, B. E. (2010). Introduction. In B. L. Duncan, S. D. Miller, B. E. Wampold, & M. A. Hubble (Eds). The heart and soul of change - Delivering what works in therapy. (2nd Eds pp.23-46.). American Psychological Association.
Ilardi, B. C., Leone, D., Kasser, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). Employee and supervisor ratings of motivation: Main effects and discrepancies associated with job satisfaction and adjustment in a factory setting. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 1789-1805.
Jang, H., Reeve, J., Ryan, R. M., & Kim, A. (2009). Can self-determination theory explain what underlies the productive, satisfying learning experiences of collectivistically oriented korean students? Journal of Educational Psychology, 101, 644-661
Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Lekes, N., & Landry, R. (2005). A longitudinal study of the relationship of maternal autonomy support to children’s adjustment and achievement in school. Journal of Personality, 73, 1215-1235.
Joussemet, M., Landry, R., & Koestner, R. (2008). Self-determination theory perspective on parenting. Canadian Psychology, 49, 194-200.
Kazdin, A. E., & Weisz, J. R. (2003). Introduction: Context and Background of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for children and Adolescents. In A. E. Kazdin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Children and Adolescents. The Guilford Press.
Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Theory and research. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp.284-357). San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press.
La Guardia, J. G., & Patrick, H. (2008). Self-determination theory as a fundamental theory of close relationships. Canadian Psychology, 49, 201-209.
La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(3), 367-384.
Lam, C. F., & Gurland, S. T. (2008). Self- determined work motivation predicts job outcomes, but what predicts self-determined work motivation? Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 1109-1115.
Lambert, M. J., & Ogles, B. M. (2004). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th ed., pp.139-193). Wiley.
Larsen, D. L., Attkinsson, C. C., Hargreaves, W. A., & Nguyen, T. D. (1979). Assessment of client/patient satisfaction: Development of a general scale. Evaluation and Program Planning, 2, 197-207.
Mallinckrodt, B., Gantt, D. L., & Coble, H. M. (1995). Attachment patterns in the psychotherapy relationship: Development of the client attachment to therapist scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 307-317.
Mancini, A. D. (2008). Self-determination theory: A framework for the recovery paradigm. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 14, 358-365.
Marcus, D. K., Kashy, D. A., & Baldwin, S. A. (2009). Studying psychotherapy using the one-with-many design: The therapeutic alliance as an exemplar. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 56(4), 537-548.
Martin, D. J. Garske, J. P. & Davis, M. K. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A Meta- Analytic Review, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 438-450.
Miller, S. D., Duncan, B. L., & Hubble, M. A. (2005). Outcome informed clinical work. In J. Norcross & M. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (2nd ed., pp. 84-102). New York: Oxford University Press.
Niemiec, C. P., Lynch, M. F., Vansteenkiste, M., Bernstein, J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). The antecedents and consequences of autonomous self-regulation for college: A self-determination theory perspective on socialization. Journal of Adolescence, 29(5), 761- 775.
Norcross, J. C. (2002). Empirically supported therapy relationships. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.) Psychotherapy relationships that work (pp.3-16). Oxford university press.
Orlinsky, D. E., (2006). Comments on the state of psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy Bulletin, 41, 37-41.
Patrick, H., Knee, C. R., Canevello, A., & Lonsbary, C. (2007). The role of need fulfillment in relationship functioning and well-being: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 434-457.
Patterson, P. G., & Joseph, S. (2007). Person- centered personality theory: Support from self-determination theory and positive psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 47, 117-139.
Pelletier, L. G. & Sharp, E. (2008). Persuasive communication and pro-environmental behaviors: How message tailoring and message framing can improve the integration of behaviors through self-determined motivation. Canadian Psychology, 49, 210-217.
Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., & Haddad, N. K. (1997). Client motivation for therapy scale: A measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation for therapy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 414-435.
Pink, D. H. (2009). Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. Riverhead.
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000). Toward a Dialectical Analysis of Growth and Defensive Motives. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 301.
Reeve, J., & Robinson, D. T. (1987). Toward a reconceptualization of intrinsic motivation: Correlates and factor structure of the activity-feeling scale. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2, 23-36.
Ryan, R. M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63(3), 397-427.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) Self- determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. In S. Fiske (Ed.), American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). An overview of self-determination theory. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp.3-33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). A self- determination approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology, 49, 186-193.
Ryan, R. M., & Lynch, J. (1989) Emotional autonomy versus detachment: Revisiting the vicissitudes of adolescence and young adulthood. Child Development, 60(3), 340-356,
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Grolnick, W. S. (1995). Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and methods (pp. 618-655). New York: Wiley.
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., Grolnick, W. S., & La Guardia, J. G. (2006). The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and method (2nd ed., pp.795-849). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Ryan, R. M., Lynch, M. F., Vansteenkiste, M., & Deci, E. L. (2010). Motivation and autonomy in counseling, psychotherapy, and behavior change: A look at theory and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, Online First, 1-68.
Sheldon, K. M., & Krieger, L. S. (2007). Understanding the negative effects of legal education on law students: A longitudinal test of self-determination theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(6), 883-897.
Sheldon, K. M., & Niemiec, C. (2006). It's not just the amount that counts: Balanced need satisfaction also affects well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(12), 331-341.
Sheldon, K. M., Joiner, T. E., Pettit, J. W., & Williams, G. C. (2003). Reconciling humanistic ideals and scientific clinical practice. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 302-315.
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Luychkx, K., Goossens, L., Beyers, W., & Ryan, R. M. (2007). Conceptualizing parenting autonomy support: adolescent perceptions of promoting of independence versus promotion of volition functioning. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 644-646.
Stiles, W. B. (1989). Use of the session evaluation questionnaire, Manuscript, Miami University.
Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the working alliance inventory: Psychological Assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1(3), 207-210.
Vansteenkiste, M., & Sheldon, K. M., (2006). There's nothing more practical than a good theory: Integrating motivational interviewing and self-determination theory. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 63-82.
Vansteenkiste, M., Neyrinck, B., Niemiec, C. P., Soenens, B., De Witte, H., & Van den Broeck, A. (2007). On the relations among work value orientations, psychological need satisfaction, and job outcomes: A self- determination theory approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80(2), 251-277.
Wampold, B. E. (2001). The Great Psychological Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Wampold, B. E. (2007). The Psychotherapy: The humanistic (and effective) treatment. American Psychologist, 62, 857-873.
Wampold. B. E. (2010). The research evidence for the common factors models: A historically situated perspective. In B. L. Duncan, S. D. Miller, B. E. Wampold, & M. A. Hubble (Eds). The heart and soul of change - Delivering what works in therapy (2nd eds pp.49-81.). American Psychological Association.
Wei, M., Shaffer, P. A., Young, S. K., & Zakalik (2005). Adult attachment, shame, depression, and loneliness: The mediation role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 591-601.
Wilson, P. M., Mack, D. E., & Grattan, K. P. (2008). Understanding motivation for exercise: A self-determination theory perspective. Canadian Psychology, 49, 250-256.
Zeldman, A., Ryan, R. M., & Fiscella, K. (2004). Client motivation, autonomy support and entity beliefs: Their role in methadone maintenance treatment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 675-696.
Zuroff, D. C., Koestner, R., Moskowitz, D. S., McBride, C., Bagby, M., & Marshall, M. (2007). Autonomous motivation for therapy: A new non-specific predictor of outcome in brief treatments of depression. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 137-148. http://www.psych.rochester.edu/ SDT/questionnaires.php
