Consideration of a Reciprocal Relationship Between Researchers and Practitioners in the Context of Children's Testimony

수십 년에 걸쳐 국외 아동 증언 분야의 학술 연구들은 아동의 연령에 따른 기억 발달 특성과 회상 보고 역량과 관련하여 기초적인 연구에서부터 수사면담의 바람직한 구조와 형식에 관한 응용 연구에 이르기까지 폭넓고 다양한 주제의 연구들이 활발하게 이루어져 왔다. 이와 같은 학문적 연구의 주요 결과들이 실제 아동 수사면담의 구성과 실시에 보다 적극적으로 반영되기 위해서는 현장 실무자들의 적극적인 관심과 협조가 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문은 아동 증언 분야의 국외 사례들 특히 NICHD 아동수사면담프로토콜과 법정의 CCTV 활용을 중심으로 학술 연구자들과 현장 실무자들의 긴밀한 의사소통과 우호적 협력 관계가 아동 수사면담의 질적 향상과 신뢰로운 아동 진술의 확보에 미치는 영향을 고찰해 보고자 하였다. 궁극적으로 본 논문은 아동의 복지와 안녕의 증진을 위해 다양한 연령의 아동들이 연루되는 심각한 범죄 사건들의 신속한 해결을 위해 학술 연구자들과 현장 실무자들의 호혜적 관계의 필요성을 강조하고, 국내 아동 수사면담의 환경 개선 및 아동 진술의 신뢰성 향상을 위한 법적 제도 마련에 당면한 현실적 과제와 관련 후속 연구들의 방향을 제시해 보고자 하였다.

keywords: empirical research, practical practices, NICHD protocol, CCTV, children's testimony, 경험적 연구, 현장 실무, NICHD 아동수사면담프로토콜, CCTV, 아동 증언

Abstract

There is much to be learned from examining the successes and challenges of the past from both basic and applied researches in the field of children's testimony and they have contributed to advancements for the fundamental understanding of children's reports about their past experiences. To develop good practices of investigative interview in court, state-of-the-art empirical research findings should reach those who practice in the field and vice versa. There were, however, few ideas of the ways in which building a constructive relationship between researchers and practitioners in the context of children's testimony in Korea and the relationship should be supportive, respectful, and open to accomplish successful outcomes in each field. Thus, the goals of this paper were to organize what we currently know about the status of both researchers and practitioners by examining the abroad literature through focused on children's testimony and ultimately, the critical importance of establishing a reciprocal relationship between the parties was discussed in depth.

keywords: empirical research, practical practices, NICHD protocol, CCTV, children's testimony, 경험적 연구, 현장 실무, NICHD 아동수사면담프로토콜, CCTV, 아동 증언

참고문헌

권창국 (2009). 성폭력범죄 피해아동 진술의 신뢰성 판단과 피고인의 반대신문권. 형사정책, 21(2), 63-94.

김시업 (2011). 인지면담. 학지사

Banaji, M. R., & Crowder, R. G. (1989). The bankruptcy of everyday memory. American Psychologist, 44, 1185-1193.

Bjorklund, D. F. (2005). Children's thinking: Cognitive development and individual differences (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Bottoms, B., L, Goodman, G. S., Schwartz-Kenney, B. M., & Thomas, S. N. (2002). Understanding children's use of secrecy in the context of eyewitness reports. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 285-314.

Brigham, J. C. (1999). What is forensic psychology, anyway?. Law & Human Behavior, 23, 273-298.

Brenneis, C. B (1997), Final report of APA working group on investigation of memories of childhood abuse: A critical commentary. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 14(4), 531-547.

Bruck, M., & Melnyk, L. (2004). Individual Differences in Children's Suggestibility: A Review and Synthesis, Journal of Applied Psychology, 18, 2-48.

Cashmore, J. (2002). ‘Innovative procedures for child witnesses’ in H. Westcott, G. M., Davies & R., Bull. (Eds.), Children's testimony: a handbook of psychological research and forensic practice. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

10.

Cashmore, J., & de Haas, N. (1992). The use of closed circuit television for child witnesses in the ACT. Sydney: Australian Law Reform Commission.

11.

Ceci, S. J., Huffman, M. L. C., Smith, E., & Loftus, E. F. (1994a). Repeatedly thinking about a non-event: Source misattributions among preschoolers. Consciousness & Cognition: An International Journal, 3, 388-407.

12.

Ceci, S. J., Loftus, E. F., Leichtman, M. D., & Bruck, M. (1994b). The possible role of source misattribution in the creation of false beliefs among preschoolers. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 42, 304-320.

13.

Cordon, I. M., Saetermoe, C. L., & Goodman, G. S. (2005). Facilitating Children's Accurate Responses: Conversational Rules and Interview Style. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 249-266.

14.

Davies, G. (1999). ‘The impact of television on the presentation and reception of children's testimony’. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 22, 3(4), 241-256.

15.

Davis, A. (1996). ‘Risk Work and Mental Health’, in H. Kemshall & J. Pritchard (Eds.) Good Practice in Risk Assessment and Risk Management, London: Jessica Kingsley.

16.

Davies, G. (1994). Editorial Live Links: Understanding the message of the child medium. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 5, 225-227.

17.

Davies, G., & Noon, E. (1993). Video Links: their impact on child witness trials. (Occasional paper No 20). Division of Criminological and Legal Psychology. The British Psychological Society.

18.

Davies, G., & Noon, E. (1991). An evaluation of the live link for child witnesses. Home Office report.

19.

Eisen, M. L., Goodman, G. S., Qin, J. Davis, S., & Crayton, J. (2007). Maltreated children's memory: Accuracy, suggestibility, and psychopathology. Developmental Psychology. 43, 1275-1294.

20.

Fivush, R., Sales, J, M., Goldberg, A., Bahrick, L., & Parker, J. (2004). Weathering the storm: Children's long-term recall of Hurricane Andrew. Memory, 12(1), 104-118.

21.

Flin, R. H., Bull, R., Boon, J., & Knox, A. (1990). Child witnesses in Scottish criminal prosecutions. Report to the Scottish Home and Health Department, Glasgow, Glasgow College of Technology.

22.

Garven, S., Wood, J. M., Malpass, R. S., & Shaw, J. S. (1998). More than suggestion: The effects of interviewing techniques from the McMartin preschool case. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 347-359.

23.

Gathercole, S. E., & Collins, A. F. (1992). Everyday memory research and its applications. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6, 461-465.

24.

Goodman, G. S., Hirschman, J. E., Hepps, D., & Rudy, L. (1991). Children's memory for stressful events. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 37, 109-158.

25.

Goodman, G. S., Tobey, A. E., Batterman-Faunce, J. M., Orcutt, H., Thomas, S., Shapiro, C., & Sachsenmaier, T. (1998). Face-to-face confrontation: Effects of closed-circuit technology on children's eyewitness testimony and jurors' decisions. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 165-203.

26.

Groark, C. J., & McCall, R. B. (2005). Integrating developmental scholarship into practice and policy. In M. H. Bornstein & M. E. Lamb (Eds.), Developmental psychology: An advanced textbook, 5th Edition (pp.570-601). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Axxociates.

27.

Hall, S., & Sales, B. (2008). Courtroom modifications for child witnesses. Washington, DC: APA.

28.

Hamlyn, B., Phelps, A., Turtle, J., & Satter, G. (2004). Are special measures working? Evidence from surveys of vulnerable and intimidated witnesses. London: Home Office.

29.

Huffman, M. L. C., Crossman, A. M., & Ceci, S. J. (1997). “Are false memories permanent?”: An investigation of the long-term effects of source misattributions. Consciousness and Cognition, 6, 482-490.

30.

Katz, C., & Hershkowitz, I. (2010). The effect of drawing on the richness of accounts provided by alleged victims of child sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 15, 171-179.

31.

Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., & Esplin, P. W. (2008). Tell Me What Happened: Structured Investigative Interviews of Child Victims and Witnesses. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

32.

Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Sternberg, K. J., Aldridge, J., Pearson, S., Stewart, H. L., Esplin, P. W., & Bowler, L. (2009). Use of a structured investigative protocol enhances the quality of investigative interviews with alleged victims of child sexual abuse in Britain. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23, 449-467.

33.

Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Warren, A. R., Esplin, P. W., & Hershkowitz, I. (2007). Enhancing performance: Factors affecting the informativeness of young witnesses. In M. P. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. F. Ross & R. C. Lindsay (Eds.), The handbook of eyewitness psychology, volume: Memory for events (pp. 401-427). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

34.

Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Orbach, Y., Esplin, P. W., & Mitchell, S. (2002). Is ongoing feedback necessary to maintain the quality of investigative interviews with allegedly abused children? Applied Developmental Science, 6, 35-41.

35.

Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Orbach, Y., Esplin, P. W., Stewart, H., & Mitchell, S. (2003). Age differences in young children's responses to open-ended invitations in the course of forensic interviews. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 926-934.

36.

Landstrom, S. (2008). CCTV, live, and videotapes: How presentation mode affects the evaluation of witnesses. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Gotenborg, Sweden.

37.

Lee, S. (2011). Children’s Memories of a Stressful Dental Procedure: Effects of Stress and Individual Differences on Remembering. Unpublished dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

38.

Leichtman, M. D., & Ceci, S. J. (1995). “The Effects of Stereotypes and Suggestions on Preschoolers' Reports.” Developmental Psychology, 31(4), 568-578.

39.

Loftus, E. F. (1993). The reality of repressed memories. American Psychologist, 48, 518-537.

40.

Lyon, T. D. (1999). The new wave of suggestibility research: A critique. Cornell Law Review, 84, 1004-1087.

41.

Lyon, T. D., Malloy, L. C., Quas, J. A., & Talwar, V. (2008). Coaching, truth induction, and young maltreated children's false allegations and false denials. Child Development, 79, 914-929.

42.

Malloy, L. C., Lyon, T. D., & Quas, J. A. (2007). Filial dependency and recantation of child sexual abuse allegations. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 162-170.

43.

McCall, R. B., & Green, B. L. (2004). Beyond the methodological gold standards of behavioral research: Considerations for practice and policy. SRCD Social Policy Report, 18(2), 3-19.

44.

Melnyk, L., Crossman, A. M., & Scullin, M. H. (2007). The suggestibility of children's memory. In M. P. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. F. Ross, & R. C. L. Lindsay (Eds.), Handbook of eyewitness psychology, Vol 1.: Memory for events (p.401-427). Mahwah NJ: Erlbaum.

45.

Merritt, K. A., Ornstein, P. A., & Spicker, B. (1994). Children's memory for a salient medical procedure: Implications for testimony. Pediatrics, 94(1), 17-23.

46.

Murray, K. (1995). Live television link: An evaluation of its use by child witnesses in Scottish criminal trials. Scottish Office: Central Research Unit.

47.

Nathanson, R., & Saywitz, K. J. (2003). The effects of the courtroom context on children's memory and anxiety. Journal of Psychiatry and the Law, 31, 67-98.

48.

Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Esplin, P. W., & Horowitz, D. (2000). Assessing the value of structured protocols for forensic interviews of alleged child abuse victims. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 733-752.

49.

Orcutt, H. K., Goodman, G. S., Tobey, A. E., Batterman-Faunce, J. M., & Thomas, S. (2001). Detecting deception in children's testimony: Fact finders' abilities to reach the truth in open court and closed-circuit trials. Law and Human Behavior, 25(4), 339-372.

50.

Pezdek, K., & Hodge, D. (1999). Planting false childhood memories in children: The role of event plausibility. Child Development, 70, 887-895.

51.

Quas, J. A., Bauer, A. B., & Boyce, W. T. B. (2004). Physiological reactivity, social support, and memory in early childhood. Child Development, 75, 797-81.

52.

Quas, J. A., Davis, E., Goodman, G. S., & Myers, J. E. B. (2007). Repeated questions, deception, and children's true and false reports of body touch. Child Maltreatment, 12, 60-67.

53.

Quas, J. A., Goodman, G. S., Bidrose, S., Pipe, M.-E., Craw, S., & Ablin, D. S. (1999). Emotion an memory: Children's long-term remembering, forgetting, and suggestibility. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 72(4), 235-270.

54.

Quas, J. A., Goodman, G. S., Ghetti, S., Alexander, K., Edelstein, R., Redlich, A. D., Cordon, I. M., & Jones, D. P. H. (2005). Childhood victims of sexual assault: Long-term outcomes after testifying in criminal court. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70, Serial No. 280.

55.

Roberts, K. P., & Powell, M. B. (2001). Describing individual incidents of sexual abuse: A review of research on the effects of multiple sources of information on children's reports. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1643-1659.

56.

Saywitz, K., & Nathanson, R. (1993). Children's testimony and their perceptions of stress in and out of the courtroom. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17, 613-622.

57.

Spencer, J. R., & Flin, R. C. (1993). The Evidence of Children: the Law and the Psychology, 2nd edit. London UK: Blackstone Press.

58.

Talwar, V., & Lee, K. (2008). Socio-cognitive correlates of children's lying behavior: Conceptual understanding of lying, executive functioning, and false beliefs. Child Development, 79, 866-881.

59.

Talwar, V., Lee, K., Bala, N., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (2004). Children's lie-telling to conceal a parent's transgression: Legal implications. Law & Human Behavior, 28, 411-435.

60.

Talwar, V., Lee, K., Bala, N., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (2002). Children's conceptual knowledge of lying and its relation to their actual behaviors: Implications for court competence examination. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 395-415.

61.

Vandermass, M. O., Hess, T. M., & Baker-Ward, L. (1993). Does anxiety affect children's reports of memory for a stressful event? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 7, 109-127.

62.

Vrij, A. (2008). Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities. Chichester. John Wiley and Sons.

63.

Waterman, A. H., Blades, M., & Spencer, C. P. (2004). Indicating when you do not know the answer: The effect of question format and interviewer knowledge on children's ‘don't know’ responses. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 135-148.

64.

Zigler, E. F., & Finn-Stevenson, M. (1999). Applied developmental psychology. In M. H. Bornstein & M. E. Lamb (Eds.), Developmental psychology: An advanced textbook (4th ed.) (pp. 555-598). Mahwah, NJ: Earlbaum.

바로가기메뉴

논문 상세

Vol.31 No.3

국외 아동 증언 분야의 학술 연구와 현장 실무의 호혜적 관계에 대한 고찰

Consideration of a Reciprocal Relationship Between Researchers and Practitioners in the Context of Children's Testimony

초록

Abstract

참고문헌

한국심리학회지: 일반