바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

Korean Journal of Psychology: General

Mother’s Child-Based Self-Worth, Parenting and Psychological Adjustment of Children

Korean Journal of Psychology: General / Korean Journal of Psychology: General, (P)1229-067X; (E)2734-1127
2015, v.34 no.1, pp.109-131



Abstract

The study aimed to investigate psychological implications of Korean mother’s tendency to base their feelings of worth contingent on children’s academic performance (i.e., child-based self-worth), on mother’s parenting behaviors and children’s psychological adjustment. The hypothesis is that Korean mother’s child-based self-worth is more of a cultural phenomenon and child-based self-worth itself would not be negatively associated with children’s psychological functioning. Yet, when Korean mother’s child-based self-worth was associated with maladaptive parenting behavior (i.e., psychologically controlling parenting) it was detrimental to their children. In other words, the hypothesis is that psychologically controlling parenting would fully mediate the relationship between child-based self-worth of mothers’ and psychological functioning of children’s. The hypothesis was tested among 315 children from 4~6 grade (M=11.02, SD=.83), and their mothers. Mothers reported child-based self-worth. Mothers and children reported mothers’ psychologically controlling parenting. Children reported on their internalizing behavior problems, and their school teachers reported on externalizing behavior problems of children. The hypothesis was confirmed using structural equation modeling. As predicted, mother’s child-based self-worth itself was not related to children’s internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. However, mother’s child-based self-worth was positively associated with psychologically controlling parenting, and psychologically controlling parenting in turn, predicted children’s behavior problems.

keywords
child-based self-worth, Korean mothers, parenting, parental relationships, 자녀-수반 자기가치감, 한국 어머니, 심리적 통제, 양육행동, 부모자녀 관계

Reference

1.

고려대학교 부설 행동과학연구소 (2001). 심리척도 핸드북 Ⅱ. 서울: 학지사.

2.

구경호, 김석우 (2014). 초등학생의 학업스트레스, 학업탄력성과 학업성취 간의 구조적 관계. 학습자중심교과교육연구, 14(8), 69-89.

3.

김송이 (2008). 한국 어머니의 자녀교육열: 가정의 사회인구학적 특성과 어머니의 심리적 특성을 중심으로. 대한가정학회지, 46(2). 13-23.

4.

김혜진 (2011). 청소년의 사회적 적응: 승인 욕구, 사회적 성취목표와 사회적 결과 간의 관계. 고려대학교 석사학위논문.

5.

김희화 (2005). 초기 청소년의 정서적 자율성과 심리적 복지감 및 비행 간의 관계에서 어머니 감독의 영향. 청소년학연구, 12(4), 151-168.

6.

남정민, 성현란, 권선영 (2014). 지각된 부모의 심리적 통제와 애정적 양육이 남․여 중학생의 내재화 및 외현화 문제 행동에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 27(3). 147-167.

7.

민하영, 이영미 (2009). 어머니의 집단주의적 양육가치가 유아의 공격 및 불안행동에 미치는 영향: 결혼만족도를 매개변인으로. 가족과문화, 21(4), 21-39.

8.

박영신, 김의철 (2009). 한국 성인 남녀가 행복에 이르는 길; 직업 성취, 자녀 성공, 정서적 지원과 자기효능감의 영향. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 14(3), 467-495.

9.

박영신, 김의철, 탁수연 (2002). IMF 시대 이후 한국 학생과 성인의 성공에 대한 의식: 토착심리학적 분석. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 8(1), 103-139.

10.

선혜연, 오정희 (2014). 부모의 학업성취압력과 학업스트레스의 관계에서 학업적 자기효능감의 매개효과: 초등학생과 중학생 중심으로. 아시아교육연구, 14(1). 197-212.

11.

신희수, 안명희 (2013). 어머니의 심리적 통제가 대학생의 심리적 적응에 미치는 영향: 완벽주의와 인정욕구의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 25(3), 621-641.

12.

안명희 (2010). 어머니의 불안정 성인애착이 자녀의 문제행동에 미치는 영향: 어머니의 정서와 심리적 통제의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 29(4), 867-885.

13.

안명희 (2014). 모의 심리적 통제와 청소년 우울: 모-자녀 관계만족도, 분노, 외로움의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 26(3), 737-758.

14.

안명희, 신희수 (2012). 어머니의 심리적 통제가 초기 청소년 자녀의 우울에 미치는 영향: 매개효과를 중심으로. 청소년학연구, 19(2). 227-253.

15.

안정숙, 전성균, 한준규, 노경선, Goodman (2003). 한국어판 강점․난점 설문지 개발. 대한신경정신의학, 42(1), 141-147.

16.

양윤란, 양재원, 오경자 (2008). 아동과 청소년의 사회불안과 우울 증상간의 시간적 관계. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 27(1), 35-50.

17.

우미경, 박영신 (2012). 초등학교 아동들이 지각한 부모의 심리통제와 자아존중감의 관계: 부적응적 자기지향 완벽주의의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 학교, 9(2), 157-174.

18.

이동귀, 양난미, 박현주 (2013). 한국형 자존감 평가영역 척도 개발 및 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 32(1), 271-298.

19.

이수란, 이동귀 (2008). 자존감의 영역별 수반성과 자기 평가 간 불일치가 정신건강에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 20(2), 313-335.

20.

이수인 (2010). 집단주의 형성 요인과 과정, 성별 차이에 대한 연구: 수평적-수직적 집단주의에 대한 가족 및 학교경험의 효과를 중심으로. 경제와 사회, 88, 256-299.

21.

장혜경, 신민섭, 송현주 (2013). 한국 고등학생의 자기-가치감 수반성 척도 타당화 연구. 청소년문화포럼, 34, 91-119.

22.

전미숙, 손은정 (2013). 어머니의 심리적 통제가 청소년의 공격성에 미치는 영향: 청소년의 자기통제와 부적응적 정서조절의 조절효과. 청소년시설환경, 11(2), 19-27.

23.

조발그니, 류정희 (2012). 학습기술과 대학생활적응의 관계에서 (학업적 유능성, 가족의지지) 자기가치 수반성의 매개효과. 청소년학연구, 19(8), 1-21.

24.

조수철, 최진숙 (1989). 한국형 소아의 상태․특성불안척도의 개발. 서울의대정신의학, 14(3), 150-157.

25.

차경호, 홍기원, 김명소, 한영석 (2006). 한국 성인의 자존감 구성요인 탐색 및 척도개발. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 25(1), 105-139.

26.

한유미, 권희경 (2006). 어머니의 양육신념과 자녀의 성취 및 유아교사의 역할에 대한 기대. 아동과 권리, 10(4). 751-769.

27.

홍세희 (2000). 구조방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 19(1), 161-178.

28.

Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.

29.

Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., Mashek, D., Lewandowski, G., Wright, S. C., & Aron, E. N. (2004). Including others in the self. European Review of Social Psychology, 15, 101-132.

30.

Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental Psychological Control: Revisiting a Neglected Construct. Child Development, 67, 3296-3319.

31.

Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of children and adolescents. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (pp. 15-52). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

32.

Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., Olsen, J. A., Collins, W. A., & Burchinal, M. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70, 1-147.

33.

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.

34.

Cambron, M. J., Acitelli, L. K., & Steinberg, L. (2010). When friends make you blue: The role of friendship contingent self-esteem in predicting self-esteem and depressive symptoms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 384-397.

35.

Chao, R. K., & Aque, C. (2009). Interpretations of parental control by Asian immigrant and European American youth. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 342-354.

36.

Choi, S. C., & Lee, S. J. (2002). Two-component model of Chemyon-oriented behaviors in Korea: Constructive and defensive Chemyon. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 332-345.

37.

Crick, N. R. (1996). The role of overt aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children's future social adjustment; Child Development, 67, 2317-2327.

38.

Crocker, J. (2002). The costs of seeking self-esteem. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 597-615.

39.

Crocker, J., & Knight, K. M. (2005). Contingencies of self-worth. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 200-203.

40.

Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 392-414.

41.

Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 593-623.

42.

Crocker, J., Lee, S. J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The pursuit of self-esteem: Implications for good and evil. In A. G. Miller (Ed.), The social psychology of good and evil, (pp. 271-302). New York: Guilford Press.

43.

Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 894-908.

44.

Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1, 16-29.

45.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.

46.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.

47.

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Smith, H., & Shao, L. (1995). National differences in reported subjective well-being: Why do they occur? Social Indicators Research, 34, 7-32.

48.

Eaton, M. M., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2004). Parental contingent self-worth scale. Unpublished manuscript, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign.

49.

Fu, A. S., & Markus, H. R. (2014). My mother and me: Why tiger mothers motivate Asian Americans but not European Americans. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 40, 739-749.

50.

Fuligni, A. J. (2007). Family obligation, college enrollment, and emerging adulthood in Asian and Latin American families. Child Development Perspectives, 1, 96-100.

51.

Gardner, W. L., Gabriel, S., & Hochschild, L. (2002). When you and I are “we,” you are not threatening: The role of self-expansion in social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 239-251.

52.

Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 38, 581-586.

53.

Grolnick, W. S., Price, C. E., Beiswenger, K. L., & Sauck, C. C. (2007). Evaluative pressure in mothers: Effects of situation, maternal, and child characteristics on autonomy supportive versus controlling behavior. Developmental Psychology, 43, 991-1002.

54.

Hasebe, Y., Nucci, L., & Nucci, M. S. (2004). Parental control of the personal domain and adolescent symptoms of psychopathology: A cross-national study in the United States and Japan. Child Development, 75, 815-828.

55.

Kim, E. (2005). Korean American parental control: Acceptance or rejection? Ethos, 3, 347-366.

56.

Kim, U., & Park, Y. S. (2003). An indigenous analysis of success attribution: Comparison of Korean students and adults. In K. S. Yang, K. K. Hwang, P. Pedersen, & I. Daibo (Eds.), Progress in Asian social psychology: Conceptual and empirical contributions (pp. 171- 195). New York: Praeger.

57.

Kolko, D. J., & Kazdin, A. E. (1993). Emotional/behavioral problems in clinic and nonclinic children: Correspondence among child, parent and teacher reports. Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 34, 991-1006.

58.

Kuppens, S., Grietens, H., Onghena, P., & Michiels, D. (2009). Measuring parenting dimensions in middle childhood: Multitrait- multimethod analysis of child, mother, and father ratings. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 133-140.

59.

Monks, C. P., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (2003). Aggressors, victims, and defenders in preschool: Peer, self-, and teacher reports. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 453-469.

60.

Nelson, D. A., & Crick, N. R. (2002). Parental psychological control: Implications for childhood physical and relational aggression. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (pp. 161-189). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

61.

Ng, F. F., Pomerantz, E. M., & Deng, C. (2014). Why are Chinese mothers more controlling than American mothers? “My child is my report card.” Child Development, 85, 355-369.

62.

Ng, F. F., Pomerantz, E. M., & Lam, S. F. (2013). Mothers' beliefs about children's learning in Hong Kong and the United States: Implications for mothers’ child-based worth. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37, 387-394.

63.

Pargas, R. C. M., Brennan, P. A., Hammen, C., & Le Brocque, R. (2010). Resilience to maternal depression in young adulthood. Developmental psychology, 46, 805-814.

64.

Park, S. Y., & Cheah, C. S. L. (2005). Korean mothers proactive socialisation beliefs regarding preschoolers’ social skills. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 24-34.

65.

Park, L. E., & Crocker, J. (2005). Interpersonal consequences of seeking self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1587-1598.

66.

Park, Y. S., & Kim, U. (2006). Family, parent-child relationship, and academic achievement in Korea: Indigenous, cultural, and psychological analysis. In U. Kim, K. S. Yang, & K. K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context (pp. 421-443). New York: Springer.

67.

Park, J. H., & Kwon, Y. I. (2009). Parental goals and parenting practices of upper-middle-class Korean mothers with preschool children. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 7, 58-75.

68.

Phinney, J. S., Kim-Jo, T., Osorio, S., & Vilhjalmsdottir, P. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in adolescent-parent disagreements: Ethnic and developmental factors. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20, 8-39.

69.

Radolff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied, Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.

70.

Robinson, J. (1994). Social status and academic success in South Korea. Comparative Education Review, 38, 506-530.

71.

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

72.

Russell, D. W., Kahn, J. H., Spoth, R., & Altmaier, E. M. (1998). Analyzing data from experimental studies: A latent variable structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 18-29.

73.

Sanchez, D. T., & Kwang, T. (2007). When the relationship becomes her: Revisiting women's body concerns from a relationship contingency perspective. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 401-414.

74.

Silk, J. S., Morris, A. S., Kanaya, T., & Steinberg, L. (2003). Psychological control and autonomy granting: Opposite ends of a continuum or distinct constructs? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13, 113-128.

75.

Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology, 13 (pp. 290-312). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

76.

Soenens, B., Park, S. Y., Vansteenkiste, M., & Mouratidis, A. (2012). Perceived parental psychological control and adolescent depressive experiences: A cross-cultural study with Belgian and South-Korean adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 261-272.

77.

Spielberger, C. D., & Gorsuch, R., & Lushene, R. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo, Alto: Consulting Psychologist Press.

78.

Steinberg, L., & Silverberg, S. B. (1986). The Vicissitudes of Autonomy in Early Adolescence. Child Development, 57, 841-851.

79.

Stevenson, H. W., Lee, S., Chen, C., Stigler, J. W., Hsu, C., Kitamura, S., & Hatano, G. (1990). Contexts of achievement: A study of American, Chinese, and Japanese children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, i-119.

80.

Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

81.

Wang, Q., Pomerantz, E. M., & Chen, H. (2007). The role of parents’ control in early adolescents’ psychological functioning: A longitudinal investigation in the United States and China. Child Development, 78, 1592-1610.

82.

Weissman, M. M., Orvaschel, H., & Padian, N. (1980). Children's symptom and social functioning self-report scales comparison of mothers' and children's reports. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 736-740.

83.

Wood, J. M., Tataryn, D. J., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1996). Effects of under- and overextraction on principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation. Psychological Methods, 1, 354-365.

84.

Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, J., & Han, S. (2007). Neural basis of cultural influence on self-representation. NeuroImage, 34, 1310-1316.

Korean Journal of Psychology: General