A comparative study of influences of individualism-collectivism and self-disclosures on family intimacy in on-offline family communication system

본 연구의 목적은 디지털시대를 맞이하여 대인관계 패러다임의 변화 속에서 가족의사소통체계에 대한 변화를 이해하기 위한 것이다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구에서는 개인주의-집단주의와 자기개방이 가족친밀감에 미치는 영향에 대해 가족의 온라인과 오프라인 의사소통체계를 비교해보고자 하였다. 연구대상자는 2011년 12월부터 2012년 3월까지 전국비례할당표본과 임의표본을 통해서 표집된 SNS를 활발히 사용하고 있는 10대에서 30대까지 1,697명이었다. 연구결과, 온라인 가족의사소통체계에서 수평적 개인주의는 온라인 가족접촉빈도와 유의미한 정적 관계가 있었고, 수직적 집단주의는 온라인 가족접촉빈도와 유의미한 부적 관계를 보였다. 온라인 자기개방은 A영역(가까운 대상)에서만 온라인 가족접촉빈도와 유의미한 정적 관계를 보였고, 온라인 가족접촉빈도는 가족관계의 질과 유의미한 정적 관계를 보였다. 반면에 오프라인 가족의사소통에서는 수직적 집단주의만이 오프라인 가족접촉빈도와 유의미한 정적 관계를 보였고, 오프라인 자기개방의 모든 영역은 오프라인 가족접촉빈도와 유의미한 관계를 보이지 않았으며, 오프라인 가족접촉빈도는 가족관계의 질과 유의한 정적 관계를 보였다. 개인의 문화적 가치와 온라인 자기개방은 온라인 가족접촉빈도를 매개로 가족관계의 질에 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라 동시에 온라인 자기개방 C영역(단순 지인)과 오프라인 자기개방 A, B, C영역은 모두 가족관계의 질과 직접효과를 보였다. 따라서 본 연구는 점차 수직적 집단주의에서 수평적 개인주의로 넘어가고 있는 우리 사회에서 활발한 온라인 자기개방이 온라인 가족접촉빈도를 촉진시킴으로써 가족관계의 질을 증진시킨다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 이는 점차 가족의사소통의 패러다임도 오프라인에서 온라인으로 변화될 수 있음을 시사한다.

keywords: 수직-수평적 개인주의 / 집단주의, 자기개방, 온라인 가족의사소통, 가족관계의 질, 가족교류, Horizontal and Vertical Individualism-Collectivism, Self-disclosure, online family communication system, quality of family relations, family interaction

Abstract

This study analyzed the changes of family communication systems within the interpersonal paradigm of the digital era. In order to achieve this, the study conducted comparable analyses on the influences of individualism-collectivism tendencies and the online and offline self-disclosures in terms of family intimacy levels. The demography of the 1,697 research subjects ranged from teenagers to people in their thirties, who had been identified as active SNS users from December 2011 to March 2012 by the nationwide population and random sample surveys. The results showed that horizontal individualism had a statistically significant association with the frequency of online family interaction, whereas vertical collectivism has no meaningful correlation with the online family interaction frequency. In terms of online self-disclosures, only the Domain A (intimate subject) had a significant association with the online family interaction frequency and the online family interaction frequency had a statistically significant correlation with the quality of family relationships. On the other hand, in terms of offline family interactions, the vertical collectivism had a statistically significant relationship with the offline family interaction frequency. In terms of offline self-disclosures, all variables regarding offline interpersonal relationship, had no meaningful impact on the offline family interaction frequency. The research results also showed that individual cultural values and online self-disclosure had significant influences on the online family interaction frequency as mediators. In addition, the Domain C (simple acquaintance) of online self-disclosure and Domain A, B, and C of offline self-disclosure had directly influences with the quality of family relationship. The study results comprehensively verified that active online self-disclosure improved the frequency of online family interaction, thereby increased the quality of family relationships in the society where horizontal individualism was becoming more prevalent than vertical collectivism. Therefore, the study indicated that a paradigm of family communication could also be transformed from offline to online.

keywords: 수직-수평적 개인주의 / 집단주의, 자기개방, 온라인 가족의사소통, 가족관계의 질, 가족교류, Horizontal and Vertical Individualism-Collectivism, Self-disclosure, online family communication system, quality of family relations, family interaction

참고문헌

구재선, 김의철 (2006). 심리적 특징, 생활경험, 행복과의 통합적 관계. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 20(4), 1-18.

김교헌, 태관식 (2001). 자기노출이 청소년의컴퓨터중독 개선에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 6(1), 177-194.

김기범 (1996). 대인관계 속에서의 도덕성과 내집단-외집단 구별: 문화비교 분석 연구. 중앙대학교 석사학위논문.

남순현 (2001). 가족의 정서체계 역동성에 관한연구: 성인자녀가족과 3세대 가족을 중심으로. 고려대학교 박사학위논문.

남순현 (2008). 청소년 모방자살의 심리적 기제에 관한 탐색. 인문사회과학연구, 19(1), 51-87.

남순현 (2012). 한국 여성결혼이민자에 대한한국인의 인식. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및심리치료, 24(4), 949-975.

박용분 (2002). 의사소통증진을 위한 가족사례연구. 이화여자대학교 석사학위논문.

방송통신위원회, 한국인터넷진흥원 (2010). 2010년 인터넷이용실태조사. 한국인터넷진흥원.

방송통신위원회, 한국인터넷진흥원 (2012). 2011년 인터넷이용실태조사. 한국인터넷진흥원.

10.

송성자 (1997). 집단주의와 개인주의 문화비교와 한국가족치료 접근 전략. 한국가족치료학회지, 5, 1-26.

11.

임재명, 유지열, 장세정, 이정환, 유재민 (2013). 2013년 모바일인터넷이용실태조사. 한국인터넷진흥원.

12.

임평규 (2001). 현실과 사이버의 맥락에 따른 자기노출의 차이: 성격특성과 상호작용을 중심으로. 연세대학교 석사학위논문.

13.

장수지, 김수영, Erika Kobayashi (2014). 연령집단별 문화성향과 공동체의식간의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 28(2), 1-28.

14.

조긍호 (1996). 문화유형과 타인이해 양상의차이. 한국심리학회지: 사회, 15(1), 104-139

15.

한종혜 (1994). 아동의 사회적 관계망에 따른 역량 지각 및 자아 존중감. 경희대학교 박사학위청구논문.

16.

한주리, 허경호 (2005). 가족 의사소통 패턴과자녀의 자아존중감, 자아노출, 내적 통제성 및 의사소통능력과의 관계. 한국언론학보, 49(5), 202∼227.

17.

홍세희 (2000). 구조방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거. 한국심리학회지:임상, 19(1), 161-177.

18.

Arbuckle, J. L. (1996). Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schmacker (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

19.

Altman, I., & Taylor, D. (1973). Social penetration:The development of interpersonal relationships. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

20.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.

21.

Berger, C. R., & Bradeac, J. J. (1982). Language and social knowledge: uncertainty in interpersonal relationships. New York: Holt, Rinehart &Winston.

22.

Collins, N. L., & Miller, L. C. (1994). Selfdisclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 457-475.

23.

DeCarlo, L. T. (1997). On the meaning and use of kurtosis. Psychological Methods, 2, 292-307.

24.

DeVito, J. A. (2005). Essentials of human communication (3rd ed). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

25.

Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children's perceptions of the personal relationship in their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1016-1024.

26.

Gilbert, S. (1976). Self-disclosure, intimacy and communication in families. The Family Coordinator, July, 221-231.

27.

Hamamura, T. (2011). Are cultures becoming individualistic? A cross-temporal comparison of individualism-collectivism in the United States and Japan. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(1), 3-24.

28.

Hofstede, G. (1991). Culture and organization:Software of the mind. London, England:McGraw-Hill.

29.

Joinson, A. N. (2001). Self-disclosure in computermediated communication: The role of selfawareness and visual anonymity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 177-192.

30.

Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2003). Parenting of adolescence: Action or reaction. In A. C. Crouter & A. Booth (Eds.), Children's influence on family dynamics: The neglected side of family relationships (pp.121-151). New York: Erlbaum.

31.

Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Burk, W. (2010). Reinterpretation of parental monitoring in longitudinal perspective, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(1), 39-64.

32.

Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.

33.

Livingstone, S. (2006). Children's privacy online:Experimenting with boundaries within and beyond the family. In R. Kraut, M. Brynin, & S. Kiesler (Eds.), Computers, phones, and the internet (p.128-144). Oxford University Press.

34.

Marshall, T. C. (2008). Individualism-collectivism cultural differences in intimacy: The Influence of gender-role ideology. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(1), 143-168.

35.

McKenna, K. Y. A., & Bargh. J. A. (1998). Coming out in the age of Internet: Identity “Demarginaliation” through virtual group participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 681-694.

36.

Omarzu, J. (2000). A disclosure decision model:Determining how and when individuals will self-disclose. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 174-185.

37.

Park, H., Twenge, J. M., & Greenfield, P. M. (2014). The great recession: implications for adolescent values and behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(3), 310-318.

38.

Peetz, D. (2010). Are individualistic attitudes killing collectivism? European Review of Labour and Research, 16(3), 383-398.

39.

Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M (2006). Research note: Individual differences in perceptions of internet communication. European Journal of Communication, 21, 213-226.

40.

Posey, C., Lowry, P. B., Roberts, T. L., & Ellis, T. S. (2010). Proposing the online community self-disclosure model: the case of working professionals in France and the U.K. who use online communities. European Journal of Informations System, 19, 181-195.

41.

Quek, K. M., & Fitzpatrick, J. (2013). Cultural values, self-disclosure, and conflict tactics as predictors of marital satisfaction among Singaporean husbands and wives. The Family Journal, 21(2), 208-216.

42.

Raval, V. V. (2013). Fight or flight? Competing discourses of individualism and collectivism in runaway boys’ interpersonal relationships in India. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(4), 410-429.

43.

Reynolds, J., Stewart, M., MacDonald, R., & Sischo, L. (2006). Have adolescents become too ambitious? High school seniors' educational and occupational plans, 1976 to 2000. Social Problems, 53, 186-206.

44.

Russell, D. W., Kahn, J. H., & Altmaier, E. M. (1998). Analyzing data from experimental studies: A latent variable structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 45(1), 18-29.

45.

Salafia, B. E. H, Gondoli, D. M., & Grundy, A. M. (2009). The longitudinal interplay of maternal warmth and adolescents' self disclosure in predicting maternal knowledge. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 654-668.

46.

Satir, V., Gomori, M., & Gerber, J. (2006). 사티어모델. (한국 버지니아 사티어 연구회 역, 원제: The Satir model: family therapy and beyond). 서울: 김영애가족치료연구소 (원저1991년 발행).

47.

Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research, 29(3), 240-275.

48.

Sobel, M. E. (1986). Some new results on indirect effects and their standard errors in covariance structure models. In N. B. Tuma (Eds.), Sociological methodology (p.159-186). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

49.

Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring:A reinterpretation. Child Development, 71, 1072-1085.

50.

Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. boulder. Co: Westview.

51.

Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 118-128.

52.

Twenge, J. M. (2001a). Changes in women's assertiveness in response to status and roles: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1931-1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 133-145.

53.

Twenge, J. M. (2001b). Birth cohort changes in extraversion: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1966-1993. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 735-748.

54.

Twenge, J. M. (2006). Generation me: Why today's young Americans are more confident, assertive, entitled, and more miserable than ever before. New York, NY: Free Press.

55.

Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Freeman, E. C. (2012). Generational differences in young adults’ life goals, concern for others, and civic orientation, 1966-2009. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1045-1062.

56.

Uhls, Y. T., & Greenfield, P. M. (2011). The rise of fame: An historical content analysis. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 5, 1.

57.

Yamawaki, N. (2012). Within-culture variations of collectivism in Japan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(8), 1191-1204.

58.

Zhou, W. X., Sornette, D., Hill, R. A., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2005). Discrete hierarchical organization of social group sizes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B 272, 439-444.

바로가기메뉴

논문 상세

Vol.34 No.2

개인주의-집단주의와 자기개방이 가족친밀감에 미치는 영향:온·오프라인 교류비교

A comparative study of influences of individualism-collectivism and self-disclosures on family intimacy in on-offline family communication system

초록

Abstract

참고문헌

한국심리학회지: 일반