Demographic, Job Characteristic and Psychosocial Factors Affecting Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Firefighters

& (2016). Demographic, Job Characteristic and Psychosocial Factors Affecting Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Firefighters. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 35(1), 65-88, https://doi.org/10.22257/kjp.2016.03.35.1.65

copy

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether demographic, job characteristic and psychosocial factors are related to posttraumatic symptoms in firefighters, and to explore significant factors accounting for full Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(PSTD) and partial PTSD. Six hundred and thirty four firefighters and 119 rescue workers in 7 areas within Kangwon-do participated by completing a series of self-report questionnaires including the Impact of the Event-Scale-Revised, the Entrapment Scale, the Event-Related Rumination Inventory and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Ninety six of the responders were excluded due to not completing the consent form and missing data; 539 participants were included in the final analysis. Results showed that religion, exposure frequency to traumatic scene and stress management, intrusive rumination, and entrapment were significantly associated to PTSD symptoms. In a multimodal logistic regression analysis, event-related intrusive rumination was a significant factor related to full PTSD while religion appeared to be significantly associated with partial PTSD. The implications and limitations of the study as well as future directions are discussed.

keywords: 소방대원, 외상 후 스트레스 장애, 사건관련 침습적 반추, 충격현장 노출, Fire-fighter, PTSD, Event-related intrusive rumination, exposure to traumatic scene

Reference

고봉연 (2008). 소방대원의 외상후 스트레스실태. 한국응급구조학회논문지, 12(3), 5-15.

김윤정 (2010). 소방공무원의 외상후 스트레스에관한 연구. 인제대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.

김정아, 정영기, 조선미, 김신영 (2009). 한국소방관의 음주 양태와 외상후 스트레스장애 증상, 심리적 강인성, 대처방식과의 관련성. 신경정신의학, 48(6), 468-473.

문태영 (2013). 소방공무원의 지각한 현장출동충격경험과 외상 후 스트레스가 신체증상및 대처방식에 미치는 영향. 한국산학기술학회논문지, 14(8), 3815-3823.

백미례 (2009). 소방공무원의 직무별 외상 후스트레스. 한국방재학회논문집, 9(3), 59-65

송지영 (2012). 스트레스 고위험 직업군 (소방공무원)의 직업적 자긍심이 외상후 스트레스 장애 증후군에 미치는 영향: 심리사회적 요인을 매개로. 한국심리학회 연차학술발표논문집, 2012(단일호), 230-230.

신덕용, 사공준 (2009). 대구지역 소방대원들의외상후성 스트레스장애 실태 및 대책. 대한직업환경의학회 학술대회 논문집, 576-577.

신덕용, 전만중, 사공준 (2012). 대도시 소재남성 소방대원의 사건충격척도로 평가한외상후 스트레스 장애 및 관련요인. 대한직업환경의학회지, 24(4), 397-409.

신성원 (2011). 경찰관의 PTSD 수준 및 대처방안. 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 11(12), 266-272.

10.

신성원 (2012a). 경찰공무원의 외상후 스트레스장애에 관한 연구. 한국치안행정논집, 8(4),237-260.

11.

신성원 (2012b) 경찰공무원의 인구사회학적 특성에 따른 PTSD비교분석. 2012년 한국치안행정학회 학술세미나, 3-19.

12.

안현의, 주혜선, 민지원, 심기선 (2013). 한국판사건관련 반추 척도(K-ERRI)의 타당화. 인지행동치료, 13(1), 149-172.

13.

오현정, 백현숙, 채정호, 안연순, 정경숙, 박주언, 이병철, 최경숙 (2011). 남자 소방공무원의 외상적 사건 경험과 알코올 사용과의 관련성. 신경정신의학 50(4), 316-322.

14.

윤정금 (2002). 소방대원의 외상성 스트레스에대한 연구. 서울시정연구 논문.

15.

은헌정, 권태완, 이선미, 김태형, 최말례, 조수진 (2005). 한국판 사건충격척도 수정판의신뢰도 및 타당도 연구. 신경정신의학,44, 303-10.

16.

이옥정 (2010). 경찰관의 외상성 사건경험이 외상후 스트레스장애 증상에 미치는 영향. 서울대하굑 대학원 석사학위청구논문.

17.

이옥정, 지영환 (2010). 경찰의 직무스트레스해소 프로그램 적용을 위한 외근 경찰관의 외상후 스트레스 장애 증상 분석. 한국경찰학회보, 26, 173-203.

18.

이종선, 조현주 (2012). 한국판 내적 속박감 및외적 속박감 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 31(1), 239-259.

19.

이희선 (2012). 경찰․소방 공무원의 외상후스트레스 장애에 대한 비교 연구. 한국위기관리논집, 8(1), 57-70.

20.

주혜선, 한민희, 안현의, 유선영, 박동섭. (2012). 소방대원의 현장 활동에 대한 부 정적 자기평가가 외상후 스트레스 증상에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회 연차 학술발표 논문집, 2012(단일호), 275-275.

21.

채진, 우성천, 고기봉 (2012). 소방공무원 직무스트레스의 영향요인 분석. 한국화재소방학회논문지, 26(5), 28-34.

22.

최은숙 (2000). 소방대원의 출동충격스트레스에관한 구조모형. 충남대학교 대학원 박사학위 청구논문.

23.

한경운 한국판 정서조절척도 다운로드: http:// spl.stanford.edu/pdfs/ERQ/Korean.pdf

24.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

25.

Bae, H., Kim, D., Koh, H., Kim, Y., & Park, J. S. (2008). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist-korean version. Psychiatry investigation, 5, 163-167.

26.

Berger, W., Coutinho, E. S. F., Figueira, I., Marques-Portella, C., Luz, M. P., Neylan, T. C., ... & Mendlowicz, M. V. (2012). Rescuers at risk: a systematic review and meta- regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 47(6), 1001-1011.

27.

Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Journal of Trauma Stress, 8, 75-90.

28.

Boden, M. T., Westermann, S., McRae, K., Kuo, J., Alvarez, J., Kulkarni, M. R., ... & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2013). Emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective investigation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(3), 296.

29.

Brown, G. W., Bifulco, A., & Harris, T. O. (1987). Life events, vulnerability and onset of depression: some refinements. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(1), 30-42.

30.

Bryant, R. A., & Guthrie, R. M. (2005). Maladaptive Appraisals as a Risk Factor for Posttraumatic Stress A Study of Trainee Firefighters. Psychological Science, 16(10), 749- 752.

31.

Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Triplett, K. N., Vishnevsky, T., & Lindstrom, C, M. (2011). Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: the Event Related Rumination Inventory. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 24(2), 137-156.

32.

Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82.

33.

Davidson, J. R., Hughes, D., Blazer, D. G., & George, L. K. (1991). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: an epidemiological study. Psychological medicine, 21(03), 713-721.

34.

Del Ben, K. S., Scotti, J. R., Chen, Y. C., & Fortson, B. L. (2006). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in firefighters. Work & Stress, 20(1), 37-48.

35.

Deliramich, A. N, & Gray, M. J. (2008). Changes in women’s sexual behavior followingsexual assault. Behavior Modification 32, 611-621.

36.

Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (1999). Cognitive factors involvedin the onset and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 809-829.

37.

Dwyer, L. A. (2005). An investigation of secondary trauma in police wives(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Hofstra University, New York, US.

38.

Eftekhari, A., Zoellner, L. A., & Vigil, S. A. (2009). Patterns of emotion regulation and psychopathology. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 22, 571-586.

39.

Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345.

40.

Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Dunmore, E., Jaycox, L., Meadows, E., & Foa, E. B. (1998). Predicting response to exposure treatment in PTSD: The role of mental defeat and alienation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 457-471.

41.

Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior Therapy, 41, 587-598.

42.

Ehring, T., Frank, S., & Ehlers, A. (2008). The role of rumination and reduced concreteness in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. Cognitive therapy and research, 32(4), 488-506.

43.

Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1998). The role of defeat and entrapment (arrested flight) in depression: An exploration of an evolutionary view. Psychological Medicine, 28(3), 585-598.

44.

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-362.

45.

Guo, Y. L., Lin, Y. C., Tsai, M. J., Yang, Y. K, Chen, W. J, & Shiao, J. (2006). Depression and alcohol abuse among firefighters associated with job stress and effort reward. Epidemiology, 17, S174

46.

Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.

47.

Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.

48.

Lim, H. K., Woo, J. M., Kim, T. S., Kim, T. H., Choi, K. S., Chung, S. K., ... & Kim, W. (2009). Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Comprehensive psychiatry, 50(4), 385-390.

49.

McFarlane, A. C. (1987). Life events and psychiatric disorder: the role of a natural disaster. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 151(3), 362-367.

50.

McFarlane, A. C. (1998). Epidemiological evidence about the relationship betweenPTSD and alcohol abuse: the nature of the association. Addictive Behavior, 23, 813-825.

51.

Michael, T., Halligan, S. L., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2007). Rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and anxiety, 24(5), 307-317.

52.

Moore, S. A., Zoellner, L. A., & Mollenholt, N. (2008). Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 993-1000.

53.

North, C. S., Tivis, L., McMillen, J. C., Pfefferbaum, B., Spitznagel, E. L., Cox, J., ... & Smith, E. M. (2002). Psychiatric disorders in rescue workers after the Oklahoma City bombing. American Journal of Psychiatry. 159, 857-859.

54.

Perrin, M. A., DiGrande, L., Wheeler, K., Thorpe, L., Farfel, M., & Brackbill, R. (2007). Differences in PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(9), 1385-1394

55.

Research and Therapy, 46, 993-1000. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299.

56.

Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1992). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical psychology, 60(5), 748.

57.

Shepherd, L., & Wild, J. (2014). Emotion regulation, physiological arousal and PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 45(3), 360-367.

58.

Triplett, K. N., Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., & Reeve, C. L. (2012). Posttraumatic growth, meaning in life, and life satisfaction in response to trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(4), 400.

59.

Wagner, D., Heinrichs, M., & Ehlert, U. (1999). Prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in German professional firefighters. Occupational Health and Industrial Medicine, 2(40), 66-76.

60.

Weiss, D. S. (2007). The impact of event scale: revised. In Cross-cultural assessment of psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 219-238). Springer: US.

바로가기메뉴

Article Contents

Vol.35 No.1

Demographic, Job Characteristic and Psychosocial Factors Affecting Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Firefighters

Abstract

Reference

Korean Journal of Psychology: General