초록

荀子는 人間의 精神올 天(自然)과 結付시키고 그의 感情生活을 代表하는 6 情(好悪喜怒哀樂)과 知的 生活을 代表하는 5官(耳目口彝形)과의 二種으로 大別하고 이들을 統御하는 것이 「心」이라고 解釋하였다. 그리고 5官은 各其 職能이 다르며 認識의 主體가 되고 意欲과 關係가 있는 槪念인 것이다. 人間의 心理에 있어서 그 先天性을 「性」이라고 부르고 性은 天然的이며 이에 對한 後天性을 「習」이라고 하고 많은 人爲的이라고 説明한다. 性은 自然的으로 形成하는 것인데 「情」이 그 實質을 構或하고 있으며 情은 發動하면 「欲」이다. 情은 本來 盲自的이며 그것이 發動할 때 知가 參與하기 때문에 人閒은 思慮하면서 行爲한다. 人間이 그의 性에서 倩에 따라 行動하면 반드시 欲心이 添加되므로 行動의 結果에는 爭奪이 있고 乱暴하여지는 傾向이 있다. 그래서 人間의 性은 悪하며 그것을 善이라고 하는 것은 僞 即 人爲이다. 그런데 人間은 그의 能力으로 僞는 習得할 수 있다는 것이다. 그리고 마음을 虚心·集中·靜止의 狀態에 있게 할 수가 있어서 이것은 「大清明」의 境地이다. 이 境地에서 비로소 모든 事象의 真粹를 正確하게 認知할 수 있다.

Abstract

Hsuen-Tzu, the great ancient Chinese philosopher and the progenitor of the ethical view that men are born evil, saw the human spirit as being linked to the heaven(the nature and differentiated two components of the human spirit namely the emotions representing the man's affective life and the senses representing the intellectual life of human being. There are six affects: like, dislike, happiness, anger, sadness, and joy and five senses visual, auditory, olfactory, taste. and tactile, and it is the mind which controls and holds in balance the emotions and the sense. It is through these five senses that people perceive the world, and they are related to volition as well. The innate part of the human psyche is called disposition. As opposed to the disposition, which Heuen-Tzu considers is natural, the acquired part is called habit and is supposed to be artificaal. The substance of the disposition is emotion which, when aroused, becomes desire. Emotions by nature are blind, but since intellect comes to join emotion when the latter is aroused, human acts become deliberate acts. If a man acts according to the emotion, the act becomes ringed with desires, and he may become aggressive and even violent. The disposition is evil, and therefore it will be false and artificial if someone presents it as if it is good. It happens that it is within man's power to acquire falsehood. Man also can bring into various states, viz, it can be emptied, centered, of be made to stand still. To possess this ability is to be in the state of the Great Clarity. When man reaches this state, he begins to see for the first time the true nature of things and events.

초록

他人의 印象에 대한 好悪判断은 累加模型에 따라, 和親判断은 平均模型에 따라 印象統合이 이루어질 것이라는 仮説을 (1)동일한 単語組合에 대한 判断에서 好悪判断은 和親判断보다 더욱 極端的인 印象을 보일 것이다. (2) 好悪判断은 情報組合의 크기가 커짐에 따라 더욱 極端的인 印象反應을 보일 것이지만, 和親判断의 경우에는 그렇지 않을 것이다 라는 두개의 予言으로 検証하였다. 尺度値의 水準을 아주 正的 單語集団에서 아주 負的 單語集団까지 달리한 5水準의 單語集団 별로 對象人物을 기술하는 形容詞의 數를 1, 2. 3, 4로 변화시킨 單語組合을 만들어 好悪判断集團 20명, 和親判断集團 20명씩의 被驗者에게 제시하고, 각각 對象人物에 대한 好悪次元의 印象과 和親次元의 印象을 判断하도록 하였다. 그 結果 好悪判断集團의 印象評定値가 扣親判断集團의 印象評定値보다 더욱 極端的이었으며, 또한 好悪判断의 경우에는 情報組合의 크기가 커짐에 따라 和親判断의 경우보다 더욱 印象判断이 極端化 하는 傾向을 나타내었다, 이러한 結果는 본 實驗의 仮説을 지지해 주는 것으로, 두 判断에 개재하는 自我關 與水準의 差異와 두 判断尺度値의 變散의 差異 등의 관점에서 論議되었다.

Abstract

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the favorableness impression would be integrated according to the adding model and the likableness impression would he integrated according to the averaging model. To test this hypothesis, the number of the adjectives in the adjective sets, which were given to the two groups of subjects-favorableness judgment group and Iikableness judgment group-was varied as 1,2,3, and 4 in each of the 5 levels of adjective-words groups (highly positive, moderately positive, medium, moderately negative and highly negative groups), Each group, one was to rate their impressions according to the good-bad 41 point scale with 0 mid-point (favorableness judgment grout.) and the other was to rate their impressions according to the like-dislike 41 point scale with 0 mid-point (likableness Judgment group), was comprised of 20 persons. As predicted, the imprssions formed by the favorableness judgment group were rnore positive in positive word sets and more negative in negative word sets, and the set size eifects were greater in the farorableness judgment group than in likableness Judgment group. These results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis of this study, and discussed that the favorableness and likableness impressions of the other were definitely different types of judgment because ego-involvement levels of the judges were different in integrating the favorableness impressions from in integrating likableness impressions.

초록

A혈통의 생쥐(Mus Musclus) 숫컷에서 어린시절 고립성장이 성숙후의 정서성과 사회행동에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 생후 21일째 각 어미에서 숫컷 2마리씩을 무선으로 뽑아 고립사육군과 집단사육군으로 무선적으로 배치하였다. 고립군은 70일간을 다른동료와 접촉없이 고립적으로 자랐으며, 집단사육군은 다른 어미에서 나온 낮선 2 마리와 짝을 지어 동일기간 자랐다. 생후 91째 정서 성과 사회성 실험을 행하였다. 정서성은 사육상자에서 사회성실힘을 위해 Open-field로 동물을 옮기는 동안 잠깐 동안 머물렀던 관찰 상자에서 행하였다. 관찰상자에 있는 동물의 잔등이를 막대기로 찔렀을때와 관찰상자의 동물을 붙잡아 옮길때 보이는 각종 정지반응 출현 유무를 정서성으로 계측했다. 고립사육군은 집단사육군에 비해 공격적 반응 물어뜯기의 반응을 더 많이 보였으며 도망가는 반응은 적게 보였다. 사회성실험장면인 Open-field에서는 고립사육군이 집단사육군에 비해 움직이는 반응을 많이 보인 반면, 가만히 앉아있는 반응을 적게 보였으나 낯선동물에게나 신기한 장난감에 접근하는 행동에는 차이가 이었다. 두 실험장면에서 고립사육군은 집단사육군에 비해 배변반응을 더 많이 보였다. 이 결과는 어린시절 고립성성이 성숙 후의 정서성을 높힌다는 이전 연구결과들과 일치되지만 고립성장 생쥐가 위협적 자극에 도망을 적게 가고 낯선장면에서 더 활동적이란 사실은 이를 동물의 공포가 집단성장한 동물에 비해 적을 수도 있다는 사실을 암시하기도 한다. 공포가 적기 때문에 군집행동에 차이가 없을 수도 있다는 입장을 논의 하였다.

Abstract

The effect of rearing in isolation on later emotionality and social behavior was studied using A strain male mice (Mus Musclus). Twenty-four mice were separated from own litters on the 21st day of life and reared in isolation for 70 days before they were tested for emotionality and social behavior. Another group of 24 mice were separated on the 21st day of life and henceforward reared in pairs before they were tested on the 91st day of life. The mice were observed in two situations, while they were in the observation cage in which they were carried to the open-field test apparatus from home cages and while they were released in the open· field test apparatus. In the brief duration in which the m ice were placed in the observation cage, more of the isolation-reared mice responded with tale-rattling and fewer of them showed running away response than the control group when prodded with a rod, and a greater number of the former animals showed defecation response while being held in the cage than the other group. The isolation reared mice also showed fewer escape response, and more biting response to being picked up by hand. In the open-field situation, the isolation-reared group tended to roam more freely than the group-reard group, but the two did not differ from each other in its approach response to another mouse which was kept in a corner of the test apparatus as a possible instigating stimulus of affiliation response from the subjects. The results generally agree with the findings of other studies that being reared in isolation from other animals early in life heighten emotionality in mature animal. But the fact that the isolated mice showed less tendency to escape from the threatening stimulus and a greater tendency to locomote freely in a novel situation seems to imply that in spite of heightened emotionality, in the case of mice, at least fear is somehow inadequately developed. Lack of fear possibly explains why the isolation-reared mice did not show greater affiliative response despite their early social deprivation experience.

초록

comnnmication에서 脱中心化能力 (decentering ability)의 測定値로 생각되는 놀이도구설명평점, 놀이방법설명평점, 사용단어수, 그리고 지시대명사와 지시부사의 사용단어수에 대한 백분율이 각각 脱中心化能力의 扣異한 側面을 測定하여 脱中心化能力이 艰 次源인지, 또 이러한 測定直들이 유치원에서 국민학교 6학년까지의 時期에 어떻게 변화해가는지를 알아 보았다. Flavell등이 사용한 方法에 따라 兒童으로 하여금 他人에세 놀이의 方法을, 방明하게 하고, 说明内容을 分析했다. 被驗者는 유치원에서 국민학교 6학년까지 各 學年當 男女 各 10명씩 모두 140名이었다. 이들 測定値들의 相互相關에 의하면 説明communication에 나타난 説中心化能力이란 變内는 놀이도구설명을 核心으로 하는 要因이 있고 놀이방법을 중심으로 하는 要内, 그리고 지시사의 百分书의 要因등 최소 3 개의 다른 次元을 가지고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 따라서 脱中心化能力이 多次元的임을 알 수 있었다. 脱中心化能力이 현저하게 増加하는 연령은 놀이방법설명의 測定値에서는 국민학교 1학년이고 놀이도구설명의 測定値에서는 국민학교 6학년이었다. 지시사의 百分率은 아무런 年齢的 變化를 보이지 않았다.

Abstract

Four different measures obtained through analyses of communications play-thing explanation ratings, play-method explanation ratings, the total number of words used in an explanation attempt, and the ratio of indicatives to total number of words used were taken from subjects ranging in age from kindergarten to sixth grade. The difference on each measure between the blind-folded target the person to whom a subject tried to much on how to play with the experimental plaything and the unblind-folded target was used as a measure of decentering ability. There were a total of 140 subjects, 20 in each age group, of which are half were male. Intercorrelations among the four different measures of decentering ability showed that there are at. least three different factors in the decentering ability as measured through analysis of communications made by children in an attempt to explain to a stranger on how to play with a plaything. One factor centers around the rated play-thing explanation score, the second around the rated play-method explanation score, and the third on the ratio of indicatives to total number of words. Thus it appears that decentering ability is not a unitary concept. Decentering ability as measured by the rated play-thing explanation score increased most rapidly at the sixth grade while that measured on the rated play-method explanation score showed most rapid increase around the first grade. The ratio measure did not increase over the age range.

초록

Abstract

Two dimensions (power and affection of leadership style are proposed as the basis of identifying the leadership style in the study. Validity indicates the degree to which an instrument measures the construct which is under investigation. "Construct validity is evaluated by investigation of what qualities a test measures, that is, by determining the degree to which certain expIanatory concepts or constructs account for performance on the test"(American Psychological Association, 1966, p. 131. An attempt to validate one's scales by examining a matrix of correlations has been developed by Campbell and Fiske (1959) and is called multitrait-multimethod approach to construct validation, The study presented here attempted to assess the construct validity of the two leadership dimensions mentioned above. Three methods of measuring these dimensions were used (projective method, questionnaire, and behavioral measure) and two constructs were evaluated (power and affection). According to Campbell and Fiske, for relative construct validity, (a) the entries in the validity diagonal should be significantly different from zero and sufficiently large to encourage further examination of validity, (b) a validity diagonal value should be higher than the values lying in its column and row in the heterotrait-heteromethod triangles, (c ) a variable should correlate higher with an independent effort to measure the same trait than with measures designed to get at different traits which happen to employ the same method, (d) the same pattern of trait merrelationship be shown in all of heterotrait riangles of both the monomethod and heteromethod blocks.