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ISSN : 1229-067X

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Vol.27 No.2
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혈연과 비혈연을 향한 이타주의의 발달: 진화적 관점

Development of Altruism toward kin vs. non-kin: Evolutionary perspective

한국심리학회지: 일반 / Korean Journal of Psychology: General, (P)1229-067X; (E)2734-1127
2008, v.27 no.2, pp.351-371
차재연 (충북대학교 심리학과)
김혜리 (충북대학교)
차재연, & 김혜리. (2008). 혈연과 비혈연을 향한 이타주의의 발달: 진화적 관점. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 27(2), 351-371.
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초록

진화적 원리는 혈연과 비혈연을 향한 이타주의의 본질에 차이가 있을 것임을 시사한다. 즉 비용이 많이 드는 도움행동은 혈연에게 하나(혈연선택 이론), 비용이 적게 드는 행동은 호혜성에 따라 비혈연에게도 한다(호혜적 이타주의 이론)는 것이다. 본 연구는 5세, 11세 및 대학생을 대상으로 도움행동에 대한 진화적 원리를 검증하였다. 178명의 참가자에게 주인공이 형제자매, 사촌, 친구 중 누구에게 도움을 받았는지에 따라 이 후 그 세 명이 도움을 필요로 하는 상황에서 누구를 도울지를 질문하였다. 5세 아동은 도움행동에 드는 비용에 관계없이 주인공이 도움을 받았던 대상을 도울 것이라고 판단하였다. 일상적인 도움이 필요한 상황에서는, 11세 아동과 대학생도 5세 아동과 유사하게, 주인공이 도움을 받았던 대상을 도울 것이라고 판단하였으나, 형제자매를 도울 것이라고 판단한 비율이 5세보다는 높았다. 비용이 많이 드는 생사 도움이 필요한 상황에서는 11세 아동과 대학생은 누구에게서 도움을 받았었는지에 관계없이 형제자매를 도울 것이라고 판단하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 이타행동의 본질이 발달시점에 따라 다르다는 것을 보여주었다. 즉, 5세 아동의 이타행동은 호혜적 이타주의 이론으로, 11세 아동과 대학생의 이타행동은 혈연선택 이론으로 보다 잘 설명되었다.

keywords
altruism, evolutionary principle, kin selection theory, reciprocity, kin, 이타주의, 진화적 원리, 혈연선택 이론, 호혜성, 혈연

Abstract

Evolutionary principles suggest that there will be differences in the nature of altruism directed toward kin vs. non-kin; humans preferentially provide the low-cost help to non-kin who had helped them, but the high-cost help to close relations. The present study sought to explore these differences. Participants were 178 5-year-olds, 11-year-olds and adults. Participants were asked to whom they would provide the high-cost help and low-cost help. Five-year-olds preferentially provided both the low- and high-cost helps to the helper who had helped them in the past, demonstrating the importance of reciprocity for helping behavior. Eleven-year-olds and adults preferentially provided the low-cost helps to the past helper just like 5-year-olds. However, they provided the high-cost help to siblings even though they had not helped them, suggesting the impotance of close relation for the high-cost helping behavior. The present results suggest that the nature of altruism changes during developmental course.

keywords
altruism, evolutionary principle, kin selection theory, reciprocity, kin, 이타주의, 진화적 원리, 혈연선택 이론, 호혜성, 혈연

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