ISSN : 1229-067X
Stigma toward people with mental disorders in our communities is a serious situation, which causes them to prevent from both improving their clinical symptoms and reintegrating into our communities. The purpose of this research was to assess how much college students want to interact with people suffering from mental disorders depending on the symptoms of disorders (depression, alcohol abuse, schizophrenia), gender of people with disorders, and contact (experience, frequency, perception) of respondents. Data were collected in a web-based survey with vignettes on social distance scale and a total 243 students was used in the final data analysis. This study’s findings demonstrated that students were more willing to react (1) with person in depression vignette (while one in schizophrenia vignette were rated the most negative scores), (2) with more female in the vignettes than man regardless of symptoms and social context, (3) when they have positive impression from the contact experience with people suffering from mental disorders. Research findings turned out that it is essential for persons working in rehabilitation fields to consider the strategy for reducing stigma toward schizophrenia and man with mental disorders. In addition, the interventions with personal contact that could result in positive impression may significantly influence reductions of social distance, which could help people with mental disorders reintegrate into our communities.
김병후, 정선욱, 강연화, 김윤, 김창엽, 홍진표, 한오수, 조맹제, 김용익 (1996). 정신장애인 치료에 중요 역할 담당자의 정신질환에 대한 태도조사. 신경정신의학, 35(5), 1155-1164.
노춘희 (1997). 지역사회지도자의 정신질환에 대한 태도: 일 지역사회 정신건강관리 모형개발을 위한 기초조사. 대한간호학회지, 28(4), 881-892.
류승아 (2001). 정신장애인에 대한 태도에 영향을 주는 제 변인. 고려대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
메디컬 투데이 (2008, 10, 6). 국민 100명 중 2명 ‘우울증’.. 청소년, 노인 급증. http:// health.mdtoday.co.kr /news/index.html?no= 66600&cate=1&sub=131&tag=&page=187에서 2009, 8, 11 인출.
박남연 (1997). 정신질환에 대한 사회적 낙인에 관한 연구. 숭실대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
박석돈, 조주현, 천지은 (2002). 장애인고용에 있어서 고용주 인식 및 태도의 예비척도에 관한 연구. 직업재활 연구, 12(1), 95 -114.
보건복지 가족부 (2008). 2006 정신질환실태 역학조사 보고서. http://stat.mw.go.kr/에서 2009, 11, 19 인출.
보건복지부 (2007). 전국 등록 장애인 현황. http://stat.mw.go.kr/에서 2009, 7, 4 인출.
성준모 (1996). 퇴원한 정신질환자가 자각하는 낙인의 정도와 그 대처경향에 관한 연구. 숭실대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
송관재, 이재창, 홍영오 (2001). 사회적 오점보유자들에 대한 편견과 차별 및 자존감에 관한 연구: 지체장인인 및 윤락녀를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 7(1), 119 -136.
정 민 (1998). 정신장애에 대한 제주인의 인식과 태도. 정신간호학회지, 6(2), 217-228.
한재경 (2001). 지역사회정신보건과 정신장애에 대한 주민의 인식조사: 경산시를 중심으로. 대구카톨릭대 석사학위 청구논문.
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge. MA: Addison-Wesley.
Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger, H. (2003). Public beliefs about schizophrenia and depression: similarities and differences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 526-534.
Arboleda-Florez, J. (1999). Editorial - On the Evolution of Mental Health Systems. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 17, 377-380.
Arikan, K., & Uysal, O. (1999). Emotional reactions to the mentally ill are positively influenced by personal acquaintance. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Services, 36, 100-104.
Bakshi, L., Rooney, R., & O’Neil, K. (1999). Reducing stigma about mental illness in transcultural settings: A guide. Australian Transcultural Mental Health Network: Melbourne.
Brunton, K. (1997). Stigma. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26, 891-898.
Carling, P. J. (1995). Return to the community: Building support systems for people with psychiatric disabilities. NewYork: The Guilford Press.
Chen, R. K., & Brodwin, M. G. (1999). Attitudes of college students from three countries on intimacy and people with disabilities: A cross-cultural perspective. California Association for Counseling and Development Journal, 19, 15-20.
Choi, G., & Lam, C. S. (2001). Korean students’ differential attitudes toward people with disabilities: An acculturation perspective. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 24, 79-81.
Chou, K. S., & Mak, K. Y. (1998). Attitudes to mental patients among Hong Kong Chinese: A trend study over two years. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 44, 215-224.
Clausen, J. A. (1980). The family, stigma, and help-seeking in severe mental disorder. In J. G. Rabkin, L. Gelb, & J. B. Lazar (Eds.), Attitudes toward the mentally ill: Research perspectives. Report of an NIMH Workshop. (DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 80-1031.) Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Combs, I. H., & Omvig, C. P. (1986). Accommodation of disabled people into employment: Perceptions of employers. Journal of Rehabilitation, 52, 42-45.
Corrigan, P. W., & Penn, D. L. (1999). Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma. American Psychologist, 54, 765-776.
Corrigan, P. W., Larson, J., Sells, M., Niessen, N., & Watson, A. C. (2007). Will filmed presentations of education and contact diminish mental illness stigma? Community Mental Health Journal, 43, 171-181.
Corrigan, P. W., River, L., Lundin, R. K., Penn, D. L., Uphoff-Wasowski, K., Campion, J., et al. (2001). Three strategies for changing attributions about severe mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27, 187-195.
Couture, S. M., & Penn, D. L. (2003). Interpersonal contact and the stigma of mental illness: A review of the literature. Journal of Mental Health, 12, 291-305.
Crisp, A., Gelder, M. G., Rix, S., Meltzer, H. I., & Rowlands, O. J. (2000). The stigmatisation of people with mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 4-7.
Dickerson, F. B., Sommerville, J., Origoni, A. E., Ringel, N. B., & Parente, F. (2002). Experiences of stigma among outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 28, 143-155.
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
Farina, A. (1981). Are women nicer people than men? Sex and the stigma of mental disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 1, 223-243.
Farina, A., Fisher, J. D., & Fisher, E. H. (1992). Societal factors in the problems faced by deinstitutionalized patients. In N P. J. Fink, & A. Tasman (Eds.), Stigma and Mental illness (pp.167-184). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Farina, A., Murray, P. J., & Groh, T. (1978). Sex and worker acceptance of a former mental patient. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 887-891.
Gaebel, W., & Baumann, A. (2003). Interventions to reduce the stigma associated with severe mental illness: Experiences from the open the doors program in Germany. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 657-662.
Gaebel, W., Baumann, A., Witte, A. M., & Zaeske, H. (2002). Public attitudes towards people with mental illness in six German cities. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 252, 278-287.
Gibson, D., & Groeneweg, G. (1986). Employer receptivity to the developmentally handicapped: When “yes” means “no.” Canada's Mental Health, 34, 12-16.
Griffiths, K. M., Nakane, Y., Christensen, H., Yoshioka, K., Jrom, A. F., & Nakane, H. (2006). Stigma in response to mental disorders: A comparison of Australia and Japan. BioMed Central Psychiatry, 6, 1-21.
Hand, C., & Tryssenaar, J. (2006). Small business employers' views on hiring individuals with mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 29, 166-173.
Huxley, P. (1993). Location and stigma: A survey of community attitudes to mental illness. Part I: enlightenment and stigma. Journal of Mental Health, 2, 7-80.
Ingamells, S., Goodwin, A. M., & John, C. (1996). The influence of psychiatric hospital and community residence labels on social rejection of the mentally ill. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 359-367.
Islam, M. R., & Hewstone, M. (1993). Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, an out-group attitude: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 700-710.
Jackson, D., & Hearheringron, L. (2006). Young Jamaicans' attitudes toward mental illness: experimental and demographic factors associated with social distance and stigmatizing opinions. Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 563-576.
Jackson, J. W. (1993). Contact theory of intergroup hostility: A review and evaluation of the theoretical and empirical literature. International Journal of Group Tensions, 23, 43-65.
Johnstone, M. (2001). Stigma, social justice and the rights of the mentally ill: Challenging the status quo. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 10, 200-209.
Kessler, R. C. (2003). Epidemiology of women and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 5-13.
Kirk, S. A. (1974). The impact of labeling on rejection of the mental ill: An experimental study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 15, 108-117.
Kolodziej, M. E., & Johnson, B. T. (1996). Interpersonal contact and acceptance of persons with psychiatric disorders: A research synthesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1387-1396.
Krauss, S. J. (1995). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior: A meta-analysis of empirical literature. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 58-75.
Landeen, J., Pawlick, J., Woodside, H., Kirkpatrick, H., & Byrne, C. (2000). Hope, quality of life, and symptom severity in individuals with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 23, 364-369.
Levin, A. (2001). Conference focuses on Mental illness stigma. Psychiatric News, 36, 8.
Link, B. G., & Cullen, F. T. (1986). Contact with the mentally ill and perceptions of how dangerous they are. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 289-303.
Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Bresnahen, M., Stueve, A., & Pescosolido, B. A. (1999). Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1328-1333.
Link, B. G., Yang, L. H., Phelan, J. C., & Collins, P. Y. (2004). Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 363-385.
Mann, C. E., & Himelein, M. J. (2004). Factors associated with stigmatization of persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 55, 185-187.
Norman, R. M. G., Sorrention, R. N., Windell, D., & Manchanda, R. (2008). The role of perceived norms in the stigmatization of mental illness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 851-859.
Pedersen, P. B., Sartorius, N., & Marsella, A. J. (1984). Mental Health Services: The Cross -Cultural Context. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Penn, D. L., Guynan, K., Daliy, T., Spaulding, W. D., Garbin, C. P., & Sullivan, M. (1994). Dispelling the stigma of schizophrenia: What sort of information is best? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 567-578.
Penn, D. L., Kommana, S., Mansfield, M., & Link, B. G. (1999). Dispelling the stigma of schizophrenia: The impact of information on dangerousness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 437-446.
Pescosolido, B. A., Monahan, J., Link, B. G., Stueve, A., & Kikuzawa, S. (1999). The public's view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1339-1345.
Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., Stueve, A., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2000). Public conceptions of mental illness in 1950 and 1996: What is mental illness and is it to be feared? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 188-207.
Philo, G. (1996). Media and mental distress. London and NewYork: Longman,
Pinfold, V., Huxley, P., Thornicroft, G., Farmer, P., Toulmin, H., & Graham, T. (2003). Reducing psychiatric stigma and discrimination: evaluating an educational intervention with the police force in England. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 337-344.
Read, J., & Law, A. (1999). The relationship of causal beliefs and contact with users of mental health services to attitudes to the `mentally ill. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 45, 216-229.
Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., Rae, D. S., Manderscheid, R. W., Locke, B. Z., & Goodwin, F. K. (1993). The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system. Epidemiologic catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 85-94.
Schulze, B., Richter-Werling, M., Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2003). Crazy? So what! Effects of a school project on students' attitudes towards people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatric Scandinavian, 107, 142-150.
Schumacher, M., Corrigan, P. W., & Dejong, T. (2003). Examining Cues that Signal Mental Illness Stigma. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 467-476.
Stuart, H., & Arboleda-Florez, J. (2001). A public health perspective on violent offences among persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 52, 645-659.
Triandis, H. C. (1964). Exploratory factor analysis for the behavioral component of social attitudes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 420-430.
Vezzoli, R., Archiati, L., Buizza, C., Pasqualetti, P., Rossi, G., & Piloi, R. (2001). Attitude towards psychiatric patients: A pilot study in a northern Italian town. European Psychiatry, 16, 452-458.
Wahl, O. F. (1999). Mental health consumers’ experience of stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 467-478.
Walsh, E., Buchanan, A., & Fahy, T. (2002). Violence and schizophrenia: Examining the evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 490-495.
Weller, L., & Grunes, S. (1988). Does contact with the mentally ill affect nurses' attitudes to mental illness? British Journal of Medical Psychology, 61, 277-284.
Wilgosh, L., & Mueller, H. H. (1989). Employer attitude toward hiring individuals with mental disabilities. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation, 3, 43-47.
Wirth, J. H., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2009). The role of gender in mental illness stigma: A national experiment. Psychological Science, 20, 169-173.
World Health Organization. (2005). Mental Health: Facing the Challenges, Building, Solutions. http://www.euro.who.int/document/E87301.pdf 에서 2007, 10, 21 인출.
Yuker, H. E. (1995). Attitudes. In A. E. Dell-Orto, & R. P. Marinelli (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Disability and Rehabilitation (pp.94-99). New York: Macmillan.