ISSN : 1229-067X
도박중독은 개념적으로나 그 측정척도에 있어서 학자들 간의 불일치가 있어 왔고, 동시에 도박중독 유병률을 조사한 기존의 연구들은 서로 다른 결과를 보고해 왔다. 본 연구는 도박중독의 위험성과 그 본질적 문제를 이해하고 도박중독 유병률 조사의 특성과 준거를 제안하기 위해서, 기존의 연구들을 통합하여 메타분석함으로써 유병률에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요인들의 역할을 탐색하였다. 이를 위해 전국(도 단위 이상)규모의 일반인을 대상으로 조사된 도박중독 유병률을 보고한 36개의 연구에서 발표된 47개의 유병률 수치를 진단척도, 표집방법, 면접방법, 동서양 등에 따라 통합하여 비교분석하였다. 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여타 도박중독 진단척도에 비해, DSM-Ⅳ에서는 유병률이 다소 낮게 보고되었다. 둘째, 비확률 표본추출방법을 사용한 연구들이 확률 표본추출방법을 사용한 연구들보다 유병률이 더 높았다. 셋째, 면대면 조사로 이루어진 연구들이 전화 조사로 이루어진 연구들보다 유병률이 더 높았다. 넷째, 동양이 서양보다 유병률이 더 높았다. 마지막으로, 한국의 도박중독 유병률은 평균적으로 다른 동양권 국가들과 비슷했지만, 서구보다는 높았다. 본 연구에서 밝혀진 연구결과를 바탕으로 도박중독 유병률의 의미와 향후 유병률 조사와 해석에서 고려할 점, 그리고 본 연구의 제한점들을 논의하였다.
There have been various inconsistencies in the concept of gambling addiction and the reported rates of gambling addiction prevalence. The present study was aimed to examine the inconsistencies of the rates across cultural backgrounds, scales, and survey methods, proposing characteristics, difficulties, and issues in the gambling addiction prevalence surveying. A meta-analysis was conducted on the 36 previous studies that reported 47 gambling addiction prevalence rates in Korea and other countries. The results first revealed that DSM-IV tended to report lower rates of gambling addiction than other scales based on DSM-III and CPGI. Second, the studies that employed probability sampling methods reported higher rates than those employing nonprobability sampling methods. Third, the studies using face-to-face surveys tended to report higher rates of gambling addiction than those using phone-surveys. Fourth, the rates of Asian cultures were higher than those of Western cultures. Finally, in the comparison between Korea and other countries, Koreans' rates of gambling addiction was equivalent with other Asian countries but higher than Western countries. The findings were discussed in the implications for the natures of gambling addiction and future studies of gambling addiction prevalence.
김광주, 안경렬, 이석형, 장영두, 허원구 (2007). 조사방법론 강의. 서울: 삼영사.
김교헌 (2003). 병적 도박 선별을 위한 K-NODS의 신뢰도와 타당도. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 8(3), 487-509.
김교헌 (2004). 도박중독 척도 개발 및 발병률 조사. 경기도: 한국마사회
김교헌 (2009). 한국 도박중독의 사회적 책임과 대처방안. 제3회 도박중독 예방치유 국제컨퍼런스 자료집, 229-254.
김교헌, 성한기, 이민규 (2004). 도박성 게임 이용자의 심리사회적 특성과 문제성 및 병적 도박의 예측요인. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 9(2), 285-320.
김교헌, 이흥표, 권선중 (2005). 한국사회의 병적 도박 유병률에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 10(2), 227-242.
김교헌, 조성겸 (2009). 한국 도박중독 유병률 추정의 쟁점과 대책: 무엇을 어떤 도구로 어떻게 조사하나? 한국심리학회지: 건강, 14(3), 481-495.
사행산업통합감독위원회 (2008). 사행산업 이용실태 및 국민 인식 조사 결과 보고서. 서울: 사행산업통합감독위원회.
이경희 (2009). 한국판 캐나다 문제도박척도(CPGI)의 타당화를 위한 예비연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 14(3), 667-675.
이영분, 이은주 (2003). 충청 지역의 도박중독 실태와 가족관계에 대한 연구. 한국사회복지학, 54, 177-201.
이인혜 (2005). 카지노 유치지역 주민의 도박참여 및 도박중독 실태와 삶의 만족도: 강원도 폐광지역을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 11(4), 67-82.
이학승, 김진훈, 윤해주, 이태경 (2006). 사행 산업 종사자들에 있어 도박 중독에 대한 인식조사 및 병적도박, 알코올, 흡연, 우울증의 유병률. 한국중독정신의학회지, 10(1), 29-43.
최명선, 조선화, 정유진 (2008). 사회조사방법론. 경기도: 교문사.
최삼욱, 신영철, 신은정, 김현수, 이재헌, 김범조 (2007). 도시 쉼터 남성 노숙자에서 병적 도박의 실태와 심리사회적 특성. 한국중독정신의학회지, 11(1), 29-35.
한국문화관광정책연구원 (2006a). 사행산업 이용실태 조사분석 연구. 서울: 문화관광부.
한국문화관광정책연구원 (2006b). 세계 주요국가 사행산업 정책 사례 연구. 서울: 문화관광부.
한성열 (2008). 도박 이용실태 및 도박중독 유병률 조사. 경기도: 한국마사회.
한성열 (2009a). 전국민 대상 대규모 도박이용실태 조사 연구용역을 위한 사전조사 기획 연구. 경기도: 한국마사회.
한성열 (2009b). 전국민 대상 대규모 도박이용실태 조사. 경기도: 한국마사회.
허태균 (2009). 도박문제행동의 발생과정에 관한 종횡단 연구. 강원도: 강원랜드.
Abbott, M. W., & Volberg, R. A. (2000). Taking the pulse on gambling and problem gambling in New Zealand: Phase one of the 1999 national prevalence survey. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Internal Affairs.
American Psychiatric Association (1980). DSM-Ⅲ: Diagnostic and statistical maanual of mental disorders(3rd ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
American Psychiatric Association (1987). DSM-ⅢR: Diagnostic and statistical maanual of mental disorders (3rd ed. revised). Washington, DC: APA.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). DSM-Ⅳ: Diagnostic and statistical maanual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
Battersby, M. W., Thomas, L. J., Tolchard, B., & Esterman, A. (2004). The South Oaks gambling screen: A review with reference to Australian use. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(3), 257-271.
Boardman, B., Jones, J., Perry, J., & Wood, M. (2003). Compulsive gambling in Kentucky. Frankfort, KY: Legislative Research Commission.
Bondolfi, G., Osiek, C., & Ferrero, F. (2000). Prevalence estimates of pathological gambling in Switzerland. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 101, 473-475.
Buth, S., & Stöver, H. (2008). Gambling and gambling problems in Germany: Results of a national survey. Thieme eJournals, 9, 3-11.
Ellenbogen, S., Derevensky. J., & Gupta, R. (2007). Gender differences among adolescents with gambling-related problems. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(2), 133–143.
Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001a). The Canadian problem gambling index: User manual. Toronto, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001b). The Canadian problem gambling index: Final report. Toronto, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
Focal Research Consultants. (2001). 2001 survey of gambling and problem gambling in New Brunswick. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Focal Research Consultants Ltd.
Gill, T., Dal Grande, E., & Taylor, A. W. (2006). Factors associated with gamblers: A population-based cross-sectional study of South Australian adults. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22, 143–164.
Gotestam, G., & Johansson, A. (2003). Characteristics of gambling and problematic gambling in the Norwegian context: A DSM-IV-based telephone interview study. Addictive Behaviour, 28(1), 189-197.
Grant, J. E. (2009). Problem gambling and its treatment: Understanding social and personal responsibility. 제3회 도박중독 예방치유 국제 컨퍼런스 자료집, 83-166.
Hartmann, D. J., & Gullickson, A. (2001). A survey of gambling behaviors in Michigan, 2001. Kalamazoo, MI: The Evaluation Center in conjunction with the Kercher Center for Social Research.
Lesieur, H. R., & Blume, S. B. (1987). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(11), 1184-1188.
Hraba, J. & Lee, G. (1996). Gender, gambling and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12(1), 83-101.
Ka-Chio Fong, D., & Orozio, B. (2005). Gambling participation and prevalence estimates for pathological gambling in a Far-East gambling city: Macao. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 9, 15-28.
Ladouceur, R., Jacques, C., Chevalier, S., Sevigny, S., & Hamel, D. (2005). Prevalence of pathological gambling in Quebec in 2002. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(8), 451-456.
Lund, I. (2006). Gambling and problem gambling in Norway: What part does the gambling machine play? Addiction Research and Theory, 14(5), 1–17.
Marshall, K., & Wynne, H. (2003). Fighting the odds. Perspectives, 75-001-XIE, 5-12.
Ministry of community development, youth and sports. (2005). More than half of Singapore gambles: But only 2 in 100 at risk of gambling addiction. MCYS Media release, 18.
Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General. (2003). British columbia problem gambling prevalence study. Vancouver, Canada: British columbia.
Molo Bettelini, C., Alippi, M., & Wernli, B. (2000). Il gioco patologico in Ticino: uno studio epidemiologico: An investigation into pathological gambling. Mendrisio, Italy: Centro di documentazionee ricerca OSC.
Moritoshi, K. (2010). The actual situation of pathological gambling in Japan. The 2nd UCAN center International conference 2010, 129-149.
National Gambling Impact Study Commission (1999). Pathological gambling: A critical review. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Neal, P., Delfabbro, P., & O'Neil, M. (2005). Problem gambling and harm: A national definition. Adelaide, Australia: South Australian Center for Economic Studies.
Olason, T. D., & Gretarsson, J. S. (2009). Iceland. In Meyer, G., Hayer, T., & Griffkths, M (eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions (pp. 137-151). NY: Springer.
Patton, D., Brown, D., Dhaliwal, D., Pankratz, K., & Broszeit, B. (2002). Gambling involvement and problem gambling in Manitoba. Manitoba, Canada: Addictions Foundation of Manitoba. http:// www.afm.mb.ca.
Productivity Commission. (1999). Australia’'s gambling industries: Report No. 10. AusInfo, Canberra.
Queensland Government. (2002). Queensland household gambling survey 2001. Queensland, Australia: Gambling Policy Directorate Office of the Government Statistician.
Queensland Government. (2006). Queensland household gambling survey 2003-04. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Treasury.
Raylu, N., & Oei. (2003). Role of culture in gambling and problem gambling. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1087-1114
Schofield, G., Mummery, K., Wang, W., & Dickson, G. (2004). Epidemiological study of gambling in the non-metropolitan region of central Queensland Australia. Journal of Rural Health, 12(1), 6–10.
Stephanie, S., & Rihs-Middel, M. (2007). Prevalence of adult problem and pathological gambling between 2000 and 2005: An update . Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(3), 245–257.
Stinchfield, R., Govoni, R., & Frisch, G. R. (2007). A review of screening and assessment instrument for problem and pathological gambling. In Smith, G., Hodgins, D. C., & Williams, R. J. (Eds.), Research and measurement issues in gambling studies (pp. 180-213). NY: Elsevier.
Vogel, R. J., & Ardoin, P. (2002). Gambling in Louisiana: 2002 Louisiana study of problem gambling. Baton Rouge, LA: Nelson Mandela School of Public Policy, Southern University.
Volberg, R. A. (2001). Changes in gambling and problem gambling in Oregon, 1997 to 2000. Salem, OR: Oregon Gambling Addiction Treatment Foundation.
Volberg, R. A. (2002). Gambling and problem gambling in Nevada. Carson City, NV: Department of Human Resources.
Volberg, R. A. (2003). Gambling and problem gambling in Arizona. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Lottery.
Volberg, R. A., & Banks, S. E. (1990). A review of two measures of pathological gambling in the United States. Journal of Gambling Studies, 6(2), 153–163.
Volberg, R. A., Abbott, M. W., Röonnberg, S., & Munck, I. M. (2001). Prevalence and risks of pathological gambling in Sweden. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104(4), 250-256.
Volberg, R. A., Nysse-Carris, K. L., & Gerstein, D. R. (2006). 2006 California Problem Gambling Prevalence Survey. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago.
Wardman, D., el-Guebaly, N., & Hodgins, D. (2001). Problem and pathological gambling in North American aborginal populations: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Gambling Studies, 17(2), 81–100.
Wardle, H., Sproston, K., Orford, J., Erens, B., Griffiths, M., Constantine R., & Pigott, S. (2007). British gambling prevalence survey 2007. London: NATCEN
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, O. M., & Hoffman, H. J. (2008). The Prevalence of Problem Gambling Among U.S. Adolescents and Young Adults: Results from a National Survey. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24(2), 119-133.
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M, C., & Parker, J. (2001). Alcohol and gambling among U.S. adults: Prevalence, demographic patterns and comorbidity. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62(5), 706–712.
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M, C., & Parker, J. (2002). Gambling participation in the US: Results from a national survey. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(4), 313-337.
Wiebe, J. W., Single, E., & Falkowski-Ham, A. (2001). Measuring gambling and problem gambling in Ontario. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse and Responsible Gambling Council.
Wong, I. L., & So, E. M. (2003). Prevalence estimates of problem and pathological gambling in Hong Kong. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(7), 1353–1354.
Wynne, J., H. (2002). Gambling and Problem Gambling in Saskatchewan. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
Zitzow, D. (1996). Comparative study of problematic gambling behaviors between American Indian and non-Indian adults in a northern plains reservation. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 7(2), 27-41.