바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

지혜 암묵이론의 성차

Gender Differences in Implicit Theories of Wisdom

한국심리학회지: 일반 / Korean Journal of Psychology: General, (P)1229-067X; (E)2734-1127
2010, v.29 no.4, pp.975-997
김민희 (한국상담대학원대학교)
  • 다운로드 수
  • 조회수

초록

지혜의 암묵이론에서 성차를 조사하기 위해 세 개의 연구를 진행하였다. 연구 1에서는 지혜 관련 특질들이 얼마나 전형적인 지혜 특질인지를 평정하게 하였다. 연구 1의 결과 절제와 균형 요인과 공감적 대인관계 요인에서 유의미한 성차가 나타났다. 여자가 남자보다 절제와 균형, 공감적 대인관계 특질들을 더 전형적인 지혜 특질로 평정하였다. 연구 2에서는 참가자들에게 가장 지혜롭다고 생각하는 사람을 지명하게 하고, 지명된 지혜자의 지혜를 평정하게 하였다. 공감적 대인관계 요인에서 지혜자 성별에 따른 지혜의 차이가 나타났다. 여자 지혜자의 공감적 대인관계 특질들이 남자 지혜자보다 높다고 평정하였다. 연구 3에서는 자서전적 이야기기법을 활용하여 노년기 성인들에게 살아오면서 자신이 지혜로웠다고 생각하는 사건에 대해 보고하게 하였다. 남자와 여자들이 보고하는 지혜로운 사건 범주에서 차이가 나타났다. 남자들은 직업과 관련된 사건을 가장 많이 보고한 반면, 여자들은 자녀와 관련된 사건을 가장 많이 보고하였다. 연구 결과를 종합해볼 때, 지혜의 암묵이론의 성차 즉, 지혜 지각에 있어서 남자와 여자의 차이가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 마지막으로 지혜의 암묵개념의 성차를 성역할 고정관념과 성역할 사회화의 측면에서 논의하였다.

keywords
지혜, 암묵이론, 성차, 지혜자, 공감적 대인관계, 자서전적 인생이야기, 성역할, implicit theory, wisdom, gender differences, wise person, sympathetic interpersonal relationship, autobiographical narrative study, sex role

Abstract

The present research is aimed at to explore the gender differences in implicit theories of wisdom in Korea. Three studies investigated different aspects of gender differences in implicit theories of wisdom. In study 1, participants rated characteristics of wisdom concerning their importance for wisdom. Gender differences are reported in 'moderation and balance' factor and 'sympathetic interpersonal relationship' factor. This result suggest a slightly affection and relation oriented view of wisdom in women. Study 2 showed gender differences in the characteristics participants ascribed to a male wise person and a female wise person. 'sympathetic interpersonal relationship' characteristics were rated as slightly more typical for a female wise person. and male participants nominated male wise person more whereas women participants nominated female wise person more. Study 3 showed gender differences in participants' reports of an event in which they were wise. Men most often reported events from their professional life whereas women most reported children-related events. In sum, the findings suggest gender differences in conception of wisdom namely implicit theory of wisdom. Finally, gender difference was discussed from gender-role and gender-specific socialization.

keywords
지혜, 암묵이론, 성차, 지혜자, 공감적 대인관계, 자서전적 인생이야기, 성역할, implicit theory, wisdom, gender differences, wise person, sympathetic interpersonal relationship, autobiographical narrative study, sex role

참고문헌

1.

김민희, 민경환 (2010). 지혜의 연령차와 중노년기 심리적 적응과의 상관. 한국노년학, 30(3), 947-971.

2.

박경숙 (2004). 생애구술을 통해 본 노년의 자아. 한국사회학, 38(4), 101-132.

3.

Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1978). The classification of child psychopathology: A review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85(6), 1275-1301.

4.

Achenbaum, W. A., & Orwoll, L. (1991). Becoming wise: A psycho- gerontological interpretation of the book of job. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32, 21-39.

5.

Aldwin, C. M. (2009). Gender and wisdom: A brief overview. Research in Human Development, 6(1), 1-8.

6.

Ardelt, M. (2000). Antecedents and effects of wisdom in old age: A longitudinal perspective on aging well. Research on Aging, 22, 360-394.

7.

Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25, 275-324.

8.

Ardelt, M. (2009). How similar are wise men and women?: A comparison across two age cohorts. Research in Human Development, 6(1), 9-26.

9.

Atkinson, R. (Ed.). (1998). The life story interview, 44. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

10.

Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U., Maercker, A., & Smith, J. (1995). People nominated as wise: A comparative study of wisdom-related knowledge. Psychology and Aging, 10, 155-166.

11.

Benedikovičová, J., & Ardelt, M. (2008). The three-dimensional wisdom scale in cross-cultural context: A comparison between merican and Slovak college students. Studia Psychologica, 50(2), 179-190.

12.

Birren, J. E., & Svensson, C. M. (2005). Wisdom in history. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Jordan(Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives(pp. 3-31). New York: Cambridge University Press.

13.

Blazina, C. (2001). Analytic psychology and gender role conflict: The development of the fragile masculine self. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Traning, 38(1), 50-59.

14.

Bluck, S., & Glück, J. (2004). Making things better and learning a lesson: ''Wisdom of experience'' narratives across the lifespan. Journal of Personality, 72, 543-573.

15.

Bluck, S., & Glück, J. (2005). From the inside out: People's implicit theories of wisdom. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Jordan(Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 84-109). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

16.

Brent, S. B., & Watson, D. (1980). Aging and wisdom: individual and collective aspects. Paper presented at the Meetings of the Gerontological Society of America, San Francisco.

17.

Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer(Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1-36). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

18.

Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

19.

Buss, D. M., & Craik, K. H. (1981). The act frequency analysis of interpersonal dispositions: Aloofness, gregariousness, dominance and submissiveness. Journal of Personality, 49(2), 175-192.

20.

Cantor, N., Mischel, W., & Schwartz, J. C. (1982). A prototype analysis of psychological situations. Cognitive Psychology, 14(1), 45-77.

21.

Clayton, V. P., & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life span: A reexamination of an ancient topic. In P. B. Baltes & J. O. G. Brim(Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 103-135). New York: Academic Press.

22.

Denney, N. W., Dew, J. R., & Kroupa, S. L. (1995). Perceptions of wisdom: What is it and who has it? Journal of Adult Development, 2, 37-47.

23.

Erikson, E. H. (1975). Life history and the historical moment, New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

24.

Farrell, A. H., & Hershey, D. A. (1996). A perceptually-based approach to the study of wisdom. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

25.

Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In M. P. Zanna(Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1-74). San Diego: Academic Press.

26.

Freud, S. (1935). The sexual life of man. In A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New york: Liveright.

27.

Glück, J., & Bischof, B., & Siebenhüner, L. (2008). “Knows what is good and bad,” “Can teach you things,” “Does lots of crosswords:” Children's knowledge about wisdom. Manuscript under review.

28.

Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2007). Looking back across the lifespan: A live story account of the reminiscence bump. Memory and Cognition, 35, 1928-1939.

29.

Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2008). Individual differences in conceptions of wisdom: What it is and where it comes from. Manuscript under review.

30.

Glück, J., Strasser, I. & Bluck, S. (2009). Gender Differences in Implicit Theories of Wisdom. Research in Human Development, 6(1), 27-44.

31.

Heath, D. H. (1991). Fulfilling lives: Paths to maturity and success. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

32.

Heckhausen, J., Dixon, R. A., & Baltes, P. B. (1989). Gains and losses in development throughout adulthood as perceived by different adult age groups. Developmental Psychology, 25, 109-121.

33.

Hershey, D. A., & Farrell, A. H. (1997). Perceptions of wisdom associated with selected occupations and personality characteristics. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 16, 115-130.

34.

Hira, F. J., & Faulkender, P. J. (1997). Perceiving wisdom: Do age and gender play a part. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 44, 85-101.

35.

Holliday, S. G., & Chandler, M. J. (1986). Wisdom: Explorations in adult competence. In J. A. Meacham(Ed.), Contributions to human development (Vol. 17, pp. 1-96). Basel: Karger.

36.

Jason, L. A., Reichler, A., King, C., Madsen, D., Camacho, J., & Marchese, W. (2001). The measurement of wisdom: A preliminary effort. Journal Of Community Psychology, 29, 585-598.

37.

Josselson, R., & Lieblich, A.(Eds.). (1999). Making meanings of narrative(6). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

38.

Jung, C. G. (1971). The Stage of life. In J. Campbell(Ed.), The Portable Jung(pp. 3-22). New York: Penguin Books.

39.

Labouvie-Vief, G. (1990). Wisdom as integrated thought: Historical and developmental perspectives. In R.J. Sternberg(Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 52-83). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

40.

Levitt, H. M. (1999). The development of wisdom: An analysis of Tibetan Buddhist experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 39, 86-105.

41.

Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1991). Parents' differential socialization of boys and girls: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 267-296.

42.

Maciel, .A. C., Staudinger, U. M., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1991). Which factors contribute to wisdom: Age, intelligence, or personality? Papaer presented at the The 99th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.

43.

Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and Personality(2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.

44.

McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100–122.

45.

McAdams, D. P., Josselson, R., & Lieblich, A. (2006). Identity and story: Creating self in narrative. American Psychological Association.

46.

Mead, M. (1944). Women's social position. Journal of Educational Sociology, 17, 453-462.

47.

Michaud, G. J. (2004). Living Wisdom: Understanding wisdom through life story. Doctorial dissertation, Fielding Graduate Institute.

48.

Orwoll, L., & Achenbaum, W. A. (1993). Gender and the development of wisdom. Human Development, 36, 274-296.

49.

Overton, W. F. (2003). Embodied development: Ending the nativism -empiricism debate. In C. Garcia Coll, R. E. Bearer, & R. Lerner(Eds.), Nature and nurture: The complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior and development(pp. 203-223). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

50.

Pascual-Leone, J. (1990). An essay on wisdom: Toward organismic processes that make it possible. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 244-278). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

51.

Paulhus, D. L., Wehr, P., Harms, P. D., & Strausser, D. I. (2002). Use of exemplar surveys to reveal implicit types of intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1051-1062.

52.

Permutter, M., Adams, C., Nyquist, L., & Kaplan, C. (1988). Beliefs about wisdom. Unpublished data.

53.

Randall, W. L., & Kenyon, G.M. (2001). Ordinary wisdom: Biographical aging and the journey of life. Westport, CT: Praeger.

54.

Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd(Eds.), Cognition and categorization. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

55.

Sampson, E. E. (1977). Psychology and the American ideal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(11), 767-782.

56.

Shedlock D. J., & Cornelius, S. W. (1995). Implicit Theories of wisdom: Exploration of individual differences in a prototype approach. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Indianapolis, Indiana.

57.

Singer, J. A. (2005). Narrative analysis: How the use of a “story methodology” can inform research within the field of Psychology and law. Paper resented at the American Psychology-Law Society Conference, La Jolla, CA.

58.

Smith, J., Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1994). Occupational settings facilitating wisdom-related knowledge: The sample case of clinical psychologists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 989-999.

59.

Sowarka, D. (1989). Weisheit und weise Personen: Common- Sense- konzepte alterer Menschen. [Wisdom and wise persons: Common-Sense conceptions of older people.] Zeitschrift fur Entwicklungspsychologie und Paedagogische Psychologie, 21, 87-109.

60.

Stange, A. (2005). The Social Dimension of Wisdom: Conditions for Perceiving Advice-Giving Persons as Wise. Doctorial dissertation, Berlin University.

61.

Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 607-627.

62.

Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2, 347- 365.

63.

Surrey, J. L. (1993). Self-in-relations: A theory of women's development. Advanced Development, 5, 1-11.

64.

Takahashi, M., & Bordia, P. (2000). The concept of wisdom: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Psychology, 35, 1-9.

65.

Takahashi, M., & Overton, W. F. (2002). Wisdom: A culturally inclusive developmental perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 26, 269-277.

66.

Takayama, M. (2002). The concept of wisdom and wise people in Japan. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tokyo University, Japan.

67.

Wood, E., Desmarais, S., & Gugula, S. (2002). The impact of parenting experience on gender stereotyped play of children. Sex Roles, 47(1/2), 39-49.

68.

Yang, S. (2001). Conceptions of wisdom among Taiwanese Chinese. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 662-680.

한국심리학회지: 일반