Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
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ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.3 No.3
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the synchrony of development of logicomathematical groupings in concrete operational stage. The author controlled uniformly all the possible structural conditions of the task which are likely to have effect on the performance level of the operations, except for the number of attributes that constitute the matrix as information processing load of the task. This was to ascertain, the empirical validity of the concept of stage in Piaget's structural theory by confirming the existence of structure d'ensenible. It was assumed that the performance level of multiplicative classification, and multiple seriation would vary with the information, processing load of the task, and the time of synchrony between the two operations would vary with the information load of the task. But the findings of this study showed that the information processing load of the task neither allows direct effects on. the difference between ti e performance levels of the two operations, nor indicates consistent change of the time of synchrony between the two operations. Therefore, the synchronic development of the two operations was not verified even though the information processing load was consisdered. and the concept of Pragetian cognitive developmental stage in view of the. structural theory was not validated. Thus, it was suggested that either the competence structure and the performance level of operation should be independently treated as Wohlwill (1968) asserted, or another kind of developmental stage concept should be formulated according to the increas of children's information processing ability as Pascual-Leone (1976) conceived.
Abstract
Based on the levels-of-processing model of memory, the study tested the age-related deficits in the utilization of intralist relationships. Materials consisted of the rhyme-base-associate word set, totalling 21 free recall word sets. Subjects were 120 college students and 36 elderly persons with an average age of 71. The study employed a completely randomized factorial design of 2 (age) × 2 (presentation method) × 2 (material oranizational information). Materials were presented either individually by set or wholly with the total sets. Materials were organized either systematically in the order of the rhyme-base-associate word, or randomly by changing the relative word position in each set. Through test instruction, subjects were either informed or not informed on the organizing principle of the word sets. An intentional learning model was used. Young adults recalled more base words, rhymes, and associates than the elderly subjects on immediate, delayed, and cued or uncued free recall. It implied the elderly utilized less semantic as well as non-semantic intralist relationships,. However, the age-related memory deficit was due particularly to physical or rhyme processing rat her than to semantic processing. Another reason for the age-related memory deficit seemed to be the limited breadth of processing capacity which appeared to derive from attentional rigidity. The retrieval stage also seemed to be age-related to memory differences. The whole presentation method was more effective than the individual presentation, with a more differential positive effect for elderly subjects.
Abstract
Parten's categories were used in the observation of the social behavior of two 4 year-old groups in a Korean nursery school setting. Results were analyzed with the ANOVA. Longitudinal effects showed that unoccupied behavior decreased, and onlooker and cooperative play increased over a 6 month period of time. Children exhibited more cooperative play outdoors than indoors, but this difference was significant only for children who had a high density indoor play space. Children with a low density indoor playroom played cooperatively both indoors and outdoors. While there were no significant differences between the two groups in the spring semester when both groups had conditions of high density, in the fall semester the low density group exhibited significantly more cooperative play indoors than the high density gronp. The importance of adequate indoor and outdoor play space was highlighted by the difference in social behavior between the two same-age groups.
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare students' moral development stages across different subsamples of educational levels, regions and sexes using the Res's (1979) Defining Issues Test (DIT), and to assess possible differences in the developmental trends of Korean and. American student groups. A total of 480 subjects from Seoul and Hwachon area, composed of 30 male and female sixth, eighth and eleventh graders as well as collegians, was employed in the present study. Rest's (1976) results were used as the American data for the comparison purposes. The regional and educational effects in accordance with the hypotheses were reflected on the P scores which measure an important aspect of principled morality. However the effect of sex differences was significantly in favor of females, which was in contradiction to the hypothesis. The second third and fourth stage scores which were at relatively low reliability levels showed inconsistent differences among educational levels, regions, and sexes. It was revealed that the developmental patterns of Korean and American students with respect to the P scores and the rates of exceptionally preferred stages are quite different: the Korean groups show a gradually increasing trend according to educational levels, whereas the American counterparts show abrupt increases from the college level. Tho Kohlbergian moral judgment stages in a broad sense were confirmed by the present investigation of Korean samples. It is interpreted that the differences in P scores, some of the stage scores, and the preferred stage rates bet ween the rural and urban Korean student groups, and between. Korean and American groups are reflections of different socio-cultural backgrounds. Results of this study indicate that the future DIT research in. the field of sex differences shoud pay due attention to all of the possible effects of relevant factors such as IQ, SES., age. region, education, religion, etc.