초록

본 연구는 課題의 情報處理負荷量을 조사하여 기능적 측면에서, 水平的 偏差를 야기하는 요인을 통제함으로서, 具體的 操作權造 發達의 同時性을 입증하고자 하였다. 이는 倂合構造의 존재를 밝힘으로써 Piaget의 構造理論的인 認知發達段附槪念의 經驗的 妥常性을 확인하기 위함이었다. 본 연구에서는 多重分類操作과 多重序列操作의 遂行水準은 課題의 情報處理負荷量에 따라 차이가 있을 것이며, 多重分類操作과 多重序列操作의 同時性이 나타나는 時期는 課題의 情報處理負荷量에 따라 차이가 있을 것으로 가정하였다. 그러나 본 연구의 結果에서 課題의 情報處理負荷量이 操作間의 遂行水準의 차이를 결정하는 직접적인 요인이라고 보기는 어려웠으나, 同時性의 時期 역시 課題의 情報處理負荷量에 따라 일관성 있는 변화를 찾아보기 어려웠다. 따라서, 情報處理負荷量을 고려해도 構造理論的인 입장에서 Piaget의 認知發達段階槪念은 그 타당성 이 입증되지 않으므로, 能九構造와 操作의 情報處理遂行水準을 구분하거나 情報處理能力의 변화에 따른 發達段階設定의 필요성이 제기되었다.

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the synchrony of development of logicomathematical groupings in concrete operational stage. The author controlled uniformly all the possible structural conditions of the task which are likely to have effect on the performance level of the operations, except for the number of attributes that constitute the matrix as information processing load of the task. This was to ascertain, the empirical validity of the concept of stage in Piaget's structural theory by confirming the existence of structure d'ensenible. It was assumed that the performance level of multiplicative classification, and multiple seriation would vary with the information, processing load of the task, and the time of synchrony between the two operations would vary with the information load of the task. But the findings of this study showed that the information processing load of the task neither allows direct effects on. the difference between ti e performance levels of the two operations, nor indicates consistent change of the time of synchrony between the two operations. Therefore, the synchronic development of the two operations was not verified even though the information processing load was consisdered. and the concept of Pragetian cognitive developmental stage in view of the. structural theory was not validated. Thus, it was suggested that either the competence structure and the performance level of operation should be independently treated as Wohlwill (1968) asserted, or another kind of developmental stage concept should be formulated according to the increas of children's information processing ability as Pascual-Leone (1976) conceived.

초록

본 연구는 Craik와 Lockhart의 정보처리수준 모델에 기초하여 학습목록내에 관계 활용에 있어 연령과 관련된 기억결손여부를 검증하고자 하였다. 실험재료는 형태어-기본어-의미어의 3중단어 목록을 한 조로 모두 21조이었다. 대학생 120명과 평균 연령이 71세인 노인 36명이 피해자였다. 본 연구는 2(연령) x 2(게시방법) x 2(자료조직) x 2(조직정보)의 4월 요인설계를 사용하였다. 실험재료들은 한조씩 개별적으로, 또는 전체 조가 한꺼번에 제시되었다. 자료 조직 조건에서는 형태어-기본어-의미어의 순서로 체계적으로 조직하거나 각 조 내에서 단어 위치가 무엇으로 변화되었다. 검사지시의 경우 제시한 3중 단어 목록들이 체계적으로 구성되어 있다는 정보를 준 조건과 주지 않은 조건, 두 조건을 만들었다. 살험결과, 즉시자유회상, 지연자유회상, 단서자유회상 및 비단서자유회상에서 노인들에 비해 대학생들이 기본어, 형태어 및 의미어를 더 많이 회상하였다. 이 결과는 노인들은 목록내의 의미적 관계뿐 아니라 비의미의 관계도 잘 활용하지 못한다는 것을 시사한다. 연령과 관련된 기억결손효과는 특히 의미적 처리에서 보다 오히려 음성적 처리에서 더 많다. 연령과 관련된 기억결손에 대한 다른 이유로 주의의 완고성 (attenntional rigidity)에 기인하는 한정된 처리능력을 들 수 있다. 인출단계 역시 기억정도상의 차이와 관련되는 것 같다. 개별제시 방법보다 전체제시 방법이 효과적이었는데 이것은 노인집단에서 더 긍정적인 효과를 보였다.

Abstract

Based on the levels-of-processing model of memory, the study tested the age-related deficits in the utilization of intralist relationships. Materials consisted of the rhyme-base-associate word set, totalling 21 free recall word sets. Subjects were 120 college students and 36 elderly persons with an average age of 71. The study employed a completely randomized factorial design of 2 (age) × 2 (presentation method) × 2 (material oranizational information). Materials were presented either individually by set or wholly with the total sets. Materials were organized either systematically in the order of the rhyme-base-associate word, or randomly by changing the relative word position in each set. Through test instruction, subjects were either informed or not informed on the organizing principle of the word sets. An intentional learning model was used. Young adults recalled more base words, rhymes, and associates than the elderly subjects on immediate, delayed, and cued or uncued free recall. It implied the elderly utilized less semantic as well as non-semantic intralist relationships,. However, the age-related memory deficit was due particularly to physical or rhyme processing rat her than to semantic processing. Another reason for the age-related memory deficit seemed to be the limited breadth of processing capacity which appeared to derive from attentional rigidity. The retrieval stage also seemed to be age-related to memory differences. The whole presentation method was more effective than the individual presentation, with a more differential positive effect for elderly subjects.

초록

Abstract

Parten's categories were used in the observation of the social behavior of two 4 year-old groups in a Korean nursery school setting. Results were analyzed with the ANOVA. Longitudinal effects showed that unoccupied behavior decreased, and onlooker and cooperative play increased over a 6 month period of time. Children exhibited more cooperative play outdoors than indoors, but this difference was significant only for children who had a high density indoor play space. Children with a low density indoor playroom played cooperatively both indoors and outdoors. While there were no significant differences between the two groups in the spring semester when both groups had conditions of high density, in the fall semester the low density group exhibited significantly more cooperative play indoors than the high density gronp. The importance of adequate indoor and outdoor play space was highlighted by the difference in social behavior between the two same-age groups.

초록

본 연구는 Rest(1979 a)의 道德判斷에 관한 主題定義檢査(Defining Issues Test: DIT)를 활용하여 地域, 學年水尊 및 性別 變因에 따라 학생들의 道德發連段階를 분석하고, 韓ㆍ美 학생집단의 도덕발단경향을 비교ㆍ검토하였다. 연구에 동원된 피험자는 모두 480명으로서, 서울지역과 江原地域의 初ㆍ中ㆍ高ㆍ大學松別로 남녀학생 각 30명씩이었으며, 비교를 위한 미국의 자료는 Rest(1976의 연구결과를 인용하였다. 原理的 道德性에 주요 指數인 P점수에 대하여 일반적으로 지지되고 있는 地域 및 학년수준에 따르는 差異는 假說에 부합하는 결과를 가져왔으나, 假說과 상반되는 여학생 優勢의 性別差異가 확인되었다. 비교적으로 信賴度가 낮은 제2, 3 및 4단계의 指數들은 일관성있는 지역간, 학년수준간 및 남녀간의 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한국과 미국의 비교집단들은 P점수와 例外的 選好段階率의 次元에서 상당한 차이점을 나타냈나. 본 연구결과는 넓은 의미에 있어서의 Kohlberg발달단계를 반영하고 있으나, 한국 학생들의 도시, 시골간과 轉·美 비교집단간의 差異는 각각 文化ㆍ社會的 영향의 소산이라고 해석하였다. DIT 指數上의 性別差異에 관한 앞으로의 연구는 제반요인들을 참작하여 다각적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Abstract

The aim of this study is to compare students' moral development stages across different subsamples of educational levels, regions and sexes using the Res's (1979) Defining Issues Test (DIT), and to assess possible differences in the developmental trends of Korean and. American student groups. A total of 480 subjects from Seoul and Hwachon area, composed of 30 male and female sixth, eighth and eleventh graders as well as collegians, was employed in the present study. Rest's (1976) results were used as the American data for the comparison purposes. The regional and educational effects in accordance with the hypotheses were reflected on the P scores which measure an important aspect of principled morality. However the effect of sex differences was significantly in favor of females, which was in contradiction to the hypothesis. The second third and fourth stage scores which were at relatively low reliability levels showed inconsistent differences among educational levels, regions, and sexes. It was revealed that the developmental patterns of Korean and American students with respect to the P scores and the rates of exceptionally preferred stages are quite different: the Korean groups show a gradually increasing trend according to educational levels, whereas the American counterparts show abrupt increases from the college level. Tho Kohlbergian moral judgment stages in a broad sense were confirmed by the present investigation of Korean samples. It is interpreted that the differences in P scores, some of the stage scores, and the preferred stage rates bet ween the rural and urban Korean student groups, and between. Korean and American groups are reflections of different socio-cultural backgrounds. Results of this study indicate that the future DIT research in. the field of sex differences shoud pay due attention to all of the possible effects of relevant factors such as IQ, SES., age. region, education, religion, etc.