바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

불확실성에 대한 인내력 및 지각된 통제력이 걱정에 미치는 영향: 인지적 회피의 매개효과 검증

The effects of intolerance of uncertainty and perceived control on worry: The mediating effects of cognitive avoidance

한국심리학회지: 일반 / Korean Journal of Psychology: General, (P)1229-067X; (E)2734-1127
2011, v.30 no.4, pp.1149-1164
김지혜 (중앙대학교)
현명호 (중앙대학교)
  • 다운로드 수
  • 조회수

초록

본 연구는 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족, 지각된 통제력과 인지적 회피가 걱정증상에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 대학생 276명이 연구에 참여하였으며, 이 중 남성은 128명, 여성은 148명이었다. 본 연구에서 사용된 변인은 펜실베니아 걱정증상 질문지(PSWQ), 불확실성에 대한 인내력 척도(IUS), 개정된 한국판 불안통제 질문지(KACQ-R), 인지적 회피 질문지(CAQ)로 측정하였다. 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족, 지각된 통제력과 인지적 회피가 걱정증상에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 구조방정식 모형 접근법을 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족, 지각된 통제력과 인지적 회피가 걱정증상에 유의한 영향을 미친다는 것이 확인되었다. 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과 지각된 통제력이 인지적 회피에 의해 부분 매개되는 모형(연구모형)과 완전 매개되는 모형(경쟁모형)을 비교한 결과, 부분매개모형이 더 좋은 적합한 모형으로 판명되었다. 즉, 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과 지각된 통제력이 직접 걱정증상에 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라 인지적 회피에 영향을 주어 간접적으로 걱정증상에 영향을 미친다는 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과를 중심으로 본 연구의 시사점, 제한점, 후속 연구에 대한 제언을 논의하였다.

keywords
intolerance of uncertainty, perceived control, cognitive avoidance, worry, 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족, 지각된 통제력, 인지적 회피, 걱정, intolerance of uncertainty, perceived control, cognitive avoidance, worry

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the influence of intolerance of uncertainty, perceived control, and cognitive avoidance on worry. The sample consisted of 148 female and 128 male university students who completed the questionnaire about Penn State Worry Questionnare(PSWQ), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale(IUS), Korean version of Anxiety Control Questionnaire-Revised(KACQ-R), Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire(CAQ). The following summarizes the results of analysis using structural equation modeling. It was verified that intolerance of uncertainty, perceived control, and cognitive avoidance have a significant influence on worry. Intolerance of uncertainty and perceived control influenced the worry with cognitive avoidance as a mediator. Implications and limitations of this study were discussed along with the suggestions for future research.

keywords
intolerance of uncertainty, perceived control, cognitive avoidance, worry, 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족, 지각된 통제력, 인지적 회피, 걱정, intolerance of uncertainty, perceived control, cognitive avoidance, worry

참고문헌

1.

강민주, 현명호, 신여운 (2007). 걱정과 통제가능 여부가 통제력 지각 및 통제 욕구에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 12(1), 111-130.

2.

김정원, 민병배 (1998). 걱정과 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족 및 문제해결방식과의 관계. 한국심리학회 연차학술발표대회 논문집. 한국심리학회.

3.

김창대 (1985). 우울정도와 스트레스 대처양식. 서울대학교 석사학위 논문.

4.

권석만, 유성진, 정지현 (2001). 걱정이 많은 사람들의 인지적 특성: 위협평가와 위협 대처에서의 인지적 편향과 파국적 사고경향. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 20(3), 467-487.

5.

민병배 (2000). 강박사고와 걱정: 침투사고 대처과정 및 관련 성격특성에서의 유사점과 차이점. 서울대학교 박사학위 논문.

6.

민병배, 원호택 (2000). 강박증상 및 걱정과 관련된 성격특성. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 19 (4), 659-679.

7.

민하영 (1998). 스트레스 상황에 대한 지각된 통제감과 내외 통제소재가 아동의 스트레스 대처행동에 미치는 영향. 서울대학교 박사학위 논문.

8.

설승원, 오경자 (2008). 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과 정서 통제감이 걱정에 영향을 미치는 기제: 문제 해결 지향의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 27(1), 209-235.

9.

송수정 (2008). 인지적 회피 질문지의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회 연차학술발표대회 논문집. 한국심리학회.

10.

오윤희 (2006). 사회불안장애 발병요인의 구조적 관계. 고려대학교 박사학위 논문.

11.

유성진 (2000). 걱정이 많은 사람들의 성격 및 인지적 특성: 위협에 대한 재평가가 걱정에 미치는 영향. 서울대학교 석사학위 논문.

12.

최혜경 (1997). 만성적 근심이 문제해결에 미치는 역기능적 효과. 중앙대학교 박사학위 논문.

13.

최혜경 (2003). 만성적 근심과 통제 가능-통제 불가능한 위협이 문제해결에 미치는 역기능적 효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 22(2), 287-302.

14.

Berenbaum, H., Bredemeier, K., & Thompson, R. J. (2008). Intolerance of uncertainty: Exploring its dimensionality and associations with need for cognitive closure, psychopathology, and personality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 117-125.

15.

Borkovec, T. D. (1985). Worry: a potentially valuable concept. Behavior Research and Therapy, 23, 481-482.

16.

Borkovec, T. D., & Inz, J. (1990). The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A predominance of thought activity. Behavior Therapy, 28, 153-158.

17.

Borkovec, T. D., Lyonfields, J. D., Wiser, S. L., & Deihl, L. (1993). The role of worrisome thinking in the suppression of cardiovascular response to phobic imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 321-324.

18.

Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stober, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral process. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 561-576.

19.

Bowman, G. D., & Stern, M. (1995). Adjustment to occupational stress: The relationship of perceived control to the effectiveness of coping strategies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 294-303.

20.

Breckler, S. J. (1990). Application of covariance structure modeling in Psychology: Cause for concern? Psychological Bulletin, 107, 260-372.

21.

Brown, T. A., O’Leary, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2001). Generalized Anxiety Disorder. In D. H. Barlow(Ed.). Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders(3nd Eds.), New York: Guilford Press.

22.

Brown, T. A., White, K. S., Forsyth, J. P., & Barlow, D. H. (2004). The structure of perceived emotional control: Psychometric properties of a revised anxiety control questionnaire. Behaviour Therapy, 35, 75-99.

23.

Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the english version. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 931-945.

24.

Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 222- 236.

25.

Burger, J. M., & Arkin, R. M. (1980). Prediction, control, and learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 482-491.

26.

Butler, G., Wells, A., & Dewick, H. (1995). Differential effects of worry and imagery after exposure to a stressful stimulus: A pilot study. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 45- 56.

27.

Butzer, B., & Kuiper, N. A. (2006). Relationships between the frequency of social comparisons and self-concept clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 167-176.

28.

Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 3-21.

29.

Davey, G. C. L. (1994). Worrying, social problem- solving abilities, and social problem-solving confidence. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 327-330.

30.

Davey, G. C. L., Tallis, F., & Capuzzo, N. (1996). Beliefs about the consequences of worrying. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 499-520.

31.

De Bruin, G. O., Rassin, E., & Muris, P. (2006). Cognitive self-consciousness and meta-worry and their relations to symptoms of worry and obsessional thoughts. Psychological Reports, 96, 222-224.

32.

Dugas, M. J., Buhr, K., & Ladouceur, R. (2004). The role of intolerance of uncertainty in the etiology and maintenance of generalized anxiety disorder. In R, G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin(Eds.), Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and practice. New York: Guilford.

33.

Dugas, M. J., Freeston, M. H., & Ladouceur, R. (1997). Intolerance of uncertainty and problem orientation in worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 593-606.

34.

Dugas, M. J., & Koerner, N. (2005). The cognitive behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: Current status and future directions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19, 61-81.

35.

Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Further validation of a cognitive- behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and symptom specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 19, 329-343.

36.

Flammer, A. (1997). Developmental analysis of control beliefs, In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self- efficacy in Changing Society (pp.69-113). NY: Cambrige Univ. Press.

37.

Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219-239.

38.

Freeston, M. H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1996). Thoughts, images, worry, and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 265-273.

39.

Freeston, M. H., Rheaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 791-802.

40.

Gatchel, R. J., & Proctor, J. D. (1976). Physiological correlates of learned helplessness in man. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 27-34.

41.

Gosselin, P., Langlois, F., Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, A., Dugas, M. J., & Pelletier, O. (2002). Le Questionnaire d'evitement cognif (QEC): Developpement et validation aupres d' adultes et d'adolescents[The cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire(CAQ): Development and validation among adult and adolescent sample]. Journal de Therapie Comportementale et Cognitive, 12, 24-37.

42.

Gross, P. R., & Eifert, G. H. (1990). Components of generalized anxiety: The role of intrusive thought vs worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 421-428.

43.

Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). A cognitive-affective model of generalized anxiety disorder: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. In Davey, G. C. L. & Wells, A. (Eds.), Worry and Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment (pp.201-216). Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

44.

Ladouceur, R., Gosselin, P., & Dugas, M. J. (2000). Experimental manipulation of intolerance of uncertainty: A study of a theoretical model of worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 933-941.

45.

Laugesen, N., Dugas, M. J., & Bukowitz, W. M. (2003). Understanding adolescent worry: The application of a cognitive model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 55-64.

46.

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. London: Oxford University Press.

47.

Mathews, A. (1990). Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 455-468.

48.

Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487-495.

49.

Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Psychometric propertiesand associated characteristics. In G. C. L. Davey, & F. Tallis (1994). Worrying. Perspectives on Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (pp.265-283.). New York: Wiley.

50.

Rapee, R. M., Craske, M. G., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Measurement of perceived control over anxiety-related events. Behavior Therapy, 27, 279-293.

51.

Rassin, E., Merckelbach, H., & Muris, P. (2000). Paradoxical and less paradoxical effects of thought suppression: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 973-995.

52.

Robichaud, M., Dugas, M. J., & Conway, M. (2003). Gender differences in worry and associated cognitive-behavioral variables. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 501-516.

53.

Sanderson, W. C., Rapee. R. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1989). The influence of perceived control on panic attacks induced via inhalation of 5.5% CO2-enriched air. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 157-162.

54.

Sexton, K. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). The Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire: Validation of the English translation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 355-370.

55.

Sexton, K. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2009). An investigation of the factors leading to cognitive avoidance in worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research., 33, 150-162.

56.

Sherrod, D. R., Hage, J. N., Halpern, P. L., & Moore, B. S. (1977). The effects of personal causation and perceived control on responses to an aversive environment: The more control the better. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 14-27.

57.

Tallis, F., Eysenck, M., & Mathews, A. (1991). Elevated evidence requirements and worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 21-27.

58.

Thompson, S. C., Sobolew-Shubin, A., Galbraith, M. E., Schwankovsky, L., & Cruzen, D. (1993). Maintaining perceptions of control: Finding perceived control in low-control circumstances. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 64, 293-304.

59.

Watkins, E. (2004). Appraisals and strategies associated with rumination and worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 679 -694.

60.

Wegner, D. M., & Zanakos, S. (1994). Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality, 62, 615-640.

61.

Zebb, B. J., & Beck, J. G. (1998). Worry versus anxiety: Is there really a difference? Behavior Modification, 22, 45-61.

62.

Zvolensky, M. J., Lejuez, C. W., & Eifert, G. H. (1998). The role of control in anxious responding: An experimental test using repeated administrations of 20% CO2-enriched air. Behavior Therapy, 29, 193-209.

한국심리학회지: 일반