ISSN : 1229-067X
This research aimed to understand the in-depth mental structure of Korean adults by exploring their bereavement experiences using the concept mapping method and to find out if their grief experiences would reflect the conceptual model of complicated grief. Eighteen adult females who lost their family members were interviewed and a total of 99 core statements were extracted. After conducting a multidimensional scaling analysis and a cluster analysis with the core statements, bereavement reactions were classified into six categories of two dimensions. Two dimensions reflected the ‘separation-specific and general adaptation’ and the ‘impact of loss and coping with loss.’ Six categories were named as ‘feeling depressed’, ‘feeling devastated’, ‘avoiding relationships’, ‘experiencing changes after the loss’, ‘experiencing bereavement feelings and recollecting the deceased’, and ‘reminiscing about and continuing bonds with the deceased.’ This research has the implication that it empirically verified the structural characteristics and underlying dimensions of the bereavement experiences of Korean adults.
강 인 (1998). 중년기여성이 경험하는 배우자 사별스트레스와 적응. 이화여자대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
김경미 (2010). 정신장애인의 부·모 사별 경험에 관한 근거이론 연구. 부산대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
김상희 (2004). 성인여성의 배우자 사별체험. 고신대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
김서연 (2010). 사별한 노인의 죽음 태도 및 죽음준비 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 요인. 서울기독대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
김승연 (2006). 배우자 사별이 노인의 우울에 미치는 영향: 사회적 지지와 대처행동의 조절효과. 고려대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
김은경 (2002). 호스피스센터에서 암으로 사별한 가족의 애도와 대처양상에 관한 연구. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
김주심 (2013). 수용전념치료가 사별을 경험한 중년여성들의 애도, 자아존중감 및 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 효과. 경성대학교 대학교 석사학위논문.
김지연, 한나리, 이동귀 (2009). 초심상담자와 상담전문가가 겪는 어려움과 극복방안에 대한 개념도 연구. 상담학연구, 10(2), 769- 792.
민경화, 최윤정 (2007). 상담학연구에서 개념도 방법의 적용. 상담학연구, 8(4), 1291-1307.
박경복 (2004). 중년남성의 배우자 사별경험. 한양대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
박효실 (2002). 부모사별 후 자녀의 심리적 적응에 관한 연구: 대처자원과 가족상황에 대한 인지적 평가를 중심으로. 연세대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
손의성 (2007). 사별노인의 적응에 관한 연구: 선택 최적화 보상 대처전략의 매개효과와 성별 및 자녀동거 여부의 차이를 중심으로. 연세대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
양복순 (2002). 중년여성의 배우자 사별경험에 관한 연구. 이화여자대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
은헌정, 권태완, 이선미, 김태형, 최말례, 조수진 (2005). 한국판 사건충격척도 수정판의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구. 대한신경정신의학회, 44(3), 303-310.
이미라 (2007). 애도개념 개발: 배우자 사별과정을 중심으로. 대한간호학회지, 37(7), 1119-1130.
이정섭 (1992). 암으로 사별한 가족의 복원에 관한 연구. 이화여자대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
이정섭, 김수지 (1994). 암으로 자녀를 잃은 가족의 경험에 대한 질적연구. 대한간호학회지, 24(3), 413-431.
이종익 (2013). 자살한 청소년 부모의 떠나보냄 경험. 숭실대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
장성금 (2010). 가족사별의 상실감 극복을 위한 미술치료 사례연구. 연세대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
전미영 (1996). ‘암으로 사별한 가족의 복원에 관한 연구’. 한양대학교 박사학위논문.
정연강, 김경희, 최미혜, 권혜진, 정혜경, 안옥희, 박성학 (1998). 미망인의 사별경험. 중앙간호논문집, 2(1), 1-13.
최대제 (2010). 배우자 사별 여성을 위한 상호지지 집단 프로그램의 효과성 연구: 우울, 애도, 영적안녕감을 중심으로. 서강대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
최윤정, 김계현 (2007). 고학력 기혼여성의 진로단절 위기 경험에 대한 개념도(Concept Map) 연구- 진로지속 여성과 중단 여성간의 비교. 상담학연구, 8(3), 1031-1045.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Barrett, T. W., & Scott, T. B. (1989). Development of the Grief Experience Questionnaire. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 19, 201-215.
Beder, J. (2004). Lessons about bereavement. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 9, 383-387.
Bedi, R. P. (2006). Concept mapping the client’s perspective on counseling alliance formation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 26-35.
Boelen, P. A. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for complicated grief: Theoretical underpinnings and case descriptions. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11, 1-30.
Boelen, P. A., de Keijser, J., & van den Bout, J. (2001). Psychometrische eigenschappen van de RouwVragenLijst (RVL) [Psychometric properties of the Dutch Inventory of Complicated Grief-revised]. Gedrag en Gezondheid, 29, 172-185.
Boelen, P. A., Hout, M., & van den Bout, J. (2008). The dimensionality of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among bereaved individuals: A confirmatory factor analysis study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 1377-1383.
Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2007). The influence of symptoms of prolonged grief disorder, depression, and anxiety on quality of life among bereaved adults: A prospective study. European.
Boelen, P. A., & van den Bout, J. (2008). Complicated grief and uncomplicated grief are distinguishable constructs. Psychiatry Research, 157, 311-314.
Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., & de Keijser, J. (2003). Traumatic grief as a disorder distinct from bereavement-related depression and anxiety: A replication study with bereaved mental health care patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1339-1341.
Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., de Keijser, J., & Hoijtink, H. (2003). Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Inventory of Traumatic Grief. Death Studies, 27, 227-247.
Bonanno, G. Α. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20-28.
Bonanno, G. A., Notarius, C. I., Gunzerath, L., Keltner, D., Horowitz, M. J., Bonanno, G. A., Notarius, C. I., Gunzerath, L., Keltner, D., & Horowitz, M. J. (1998). Interpersonal ambivalence, perceived dyadic adjustment, and conjugal loss. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 1012-1022.
Bopape, M. (1995). The Bapedi framework of mourning and bereavement and its implications for the helping professions. Social Work, 31, 262-6.
Bowlby, J. (1961). Processes of mourning. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 42, 317-340.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Loss: Sadness and depression. Vol. 3: Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Books.
Burnett, P., Middleton, W., Raphael, B., & Martinek, N. (1997). Measuring core bereavement phenomena. Psychological Medicine, 27, 49-57.
Byrne, G. J. A., & Raphael, B. (1994). A longitudinal study of bereavement phenomena in recently widowed elderly men. Psychol Med, 24, 411-421.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
Catlin, G. (1992). The Role of Culture in Grief. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 173-184.
Cemey, M. W., & Buskirk, J. R. (1991). Anger: The hidden part of grief. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 55, 228-237.
Chan, C. L. W., & Chow, A. Y. M. (2005). The Experience of Chinese Bereaved Persons: A Preliminary Study of Meaning Making and Continuing Bonds. Death Studies, 29, 923-947.
Coyne, J. C., & Racioppo, M. W. (2000). Never the twain shall meet? closing the gap between coping research and clinical intervention research. American Psychologist, 55, 655-664.
Doka, K. J. (2002). How we die: Stigmatized death and disenfranchised grief. In K. J. Doka (ed.), Disenfranchised Grief: New Directions, Challenges, and Strategies for Practice. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Elion, B., & Strieman, M. (2001). Clued up on culture: A practical guide for all South Africans. Juta Gariep.
Faschingbauer, T. R. (1981). The Texas Revised Inventory of Grief manual. Houston: Honeycomb.
Faschingbauer, T. R., DeVaul, R. A., & Zisook, S. (1977). Development of the Texas Inventory of Grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 696-698.
Fashingbauer, T. R., Zisook, S., & DeVaul, R. (1987). The Texas Revised Inventory of Grief. In S. Zisook (Ed.), Biopsychosocial aspects of bereavement (pp.127-138). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Fenichel, O. (1945). The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. New York: Norton.
Forstmeier, S., & Maercker, A. (2007). Comparison of two diagnostic systems for complicated grief. Journal of Affective Disorders, 99(1), 203-211.
Freud, S. (1917). Mourning and melancholia. Standard edition, 14(239), 1957-61.
Harris, D. (2009-10). Oppression of the bereaved: A critical analysis of grief in the Western society. Omega, 60(3), 241-51.
Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2008). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7, 3-17.
Ho, S. W., & Brotherson, S. E. (2007). Cultural Influences on Parental Bereavement in Chinese Families. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 55, 1-25.
Hogan, N. S., Greenfield, D. B., & Schmidt, L. A. (2001). Development and validation of the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist. Death Studies, 25, 1-32.
Hogan, N. S., Worden, J. W., & Schmidt, L. A. (2003). An empirical study of the proposed complicated grief disorder criteria. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 48(3), 263-277.
Holahan, C. J., & Moos, R. H. (1987). Personal and contextual determinants of coping strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 946-955.
Horowitz, M. J., Bonanno, G. A., & Holen, A. (1993). Pathological grief: Diagnosis and explanation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 260- 273.
Horowitz, M. J., Siegel, B., Holen, A., Bonanno, G., Milbrath, C., & Stinson, C. (1997). Diagnostic criteria for complicated grief disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 904-11.
Jacobs, S. C., Kasl, S. V., Ostfeld, A., Berkman, L., & Charpentier, P. (1986) The measurement of grief: age and sex variation. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 59, 305-310.
James, R. K., & Gilliland, B. E. (2001). Crisis Intervention (4th edn). Victoria, Brooks/Cole.
Jordan, J. R., Baker, J., Matteis, M., Rosenthal, S., & Ware, E. S. (2005). The Grief Evaluation Measure (GEM): An initial validation study. Death Studies, 29, 301-332.
Kane, M., & Trochim, W. M. K. (2007). Concept mapping for planning and evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kersting, K. (2004). A new approach to complicated grief. American Psychological Association, 35(10), available online at www.apa.org/monitor/nov04/grief.html.
Kissane, D. W., & Bloch, S. (2002). Family Focused Grief Therapy. Maidenhead․Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Klass, D. (2001). Continuing Bonds in the Resolution of Grief in Japan and North America. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(5), 742-763.
Lazare, A. (1989). Bereavement and unresolved grief. In A. Lazare (Ed.), Outpatient psychiatry: Diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.) (pp.381-397). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Lev, E., Monro, B. H., & McCorkle, R. (1993). A shortened version of an instrument measuring bereavement. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30, 213-226.
Lichtenthal, W. G., Cruess, D. G., & Prigerson, H. G. (2004). A case for establishing complicated grief as a distinct mental disorder in the DSM-V. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 637-662.
Lim, S. H. (2005). Bereavement and Bereavement Care in Korea: Based on Hospice Settings. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, the University of Birmingham.
Littlewood, J. (1992). Aspects of Grief: Bereavement in Adult Life. London: Routledge.
Marcus, T. (2002). W0! Zaphela Izingane: It Is Destroying the Children: Living and Dying with AIDS (2nd edn). Johannesburg: Blesston Printing.
Melhem, N., Day, N., Shear, M. K., Day, R., Reynolds, C., & Brent, D. (2003). Predictors of complicated grief among adolescents exposed to a peers suicide. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 9, 21-34.
Mercer, D. L., & Evans, J. M. (2006). The Impact of multiple losses on the grieving process: An exploratory study. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11, 219-227.
Monk, T. H., Houck, P. R., & Shear, M. K. (2006). The daily life of complicated grief patients: What gets missed, what gets added? Death Studies, 30, 77-85.
Moore, B. E., & Fine, B. D. (1990). Psychoanalytic terms and concepts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Morina, N., Rudari, V., Bleichhardt, G., & Prigerson, H. G. (2010). Prolonged grief disorder, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder among bereaved Kosovar civilian war survivors: a preliminary investigation. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56(3), 288-297.
Niemeier, J. P., & Burnett, D. (2001). No such thing as “uncomplicated bereavement” for patients in rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 23, 645-653.
Parkes, C. M. (1972). Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. New York: International Universities Press.
Parkes, C. M. (1993). Bereavement. In D. Doyle, G. C. W. Hanks, & N. MacDonald (Eds.), Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, (pp.663-678). Oxford University Press.
Parkes, C. M. (2005-06). Symposium on complicated grief. Part I: Introduction to a symposium. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 52, 1-7.
Parkes, C. M., & Weiss, R. S. (1983). Recovery from bereavement. New York: Basic Books.
Pressman, D. L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2007). With Whom do We Grieve? Social and Cultural Determinants of Grief Processing in the United States and China. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 729-746.
Prigerson, H. (2005). Complicated grief. Bereavement Care, 23, 38-40.
Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., Marwit, S. J., Wortman, C., Neimeyer R., Bonanno, G. A., Block, S. D., Kissane, D., Boelen, P. A., Maercker, A., Litz, B. T., Johnson, J. G., First, M. B., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged Grief Disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLOS Medicine, 6(8), 1-12.
Prigerson, H. G., & Jacobs, S. C. (2001). Traumatic grief as a distinct disorder: A rationale, consensus criteria, and a preliminary empirical test. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp.613-647). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Prigerson, H., & Jacobs, S. (2001). Caring for bereaved patients: “All the doctors just suddenly go”. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 1369-1376.
Prigerson, H., & Maciejewski, P. (2005). A call for sound empirical testing and evaluation of criteria for complicated grief proposed for DSM-V. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 52, 9-19.
Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P. K., Reynolds, C. F., Bierhals, A. J., Newsom, J. T., Fasiczka, A., Frank, E., Doman, J., & Miller, M. (1995). Inventory of complicated grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Research, 59, 65-79.
Prigerson, H., & Vanderwerker, L. C. (2005). Final remarks. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 52, 91-94.
Raphael, B. (1983). The anatomy of bereavement. New York: Basic Books.
Remondet, J. H,, & Hansson, R. O. (1987). Assessing a widow’s grief: a short index. Journal of Gerontologicall Nursing, 13, 30-34.
Robben, A. C. G. M. (2004). Death and anthropology: An introduction. In A. C. G. M. Robben (Ed.), Death, Mourning and Burial: A Cross-Cultural Reader. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing.
Rosenblatt, P. C. (2002). A social constructionist perspective on cultural differences in grief. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W., & H. Schut (Eds), Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping and Care. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Rosenblatt, P. C. (2008). Grief across cultures: A review and research agenda. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds), Handbook of Bereavement Research and Practice: Advances in Theory and Intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Rubin, S. S., Malkinson, R., & Witztum, E. (2012). Working with the Bereaved: Multiple Lenses on Loss and Mourning. New York: Routledge.
Sanders, C. M., Mauger, P. A., & Strong, P. A. (1979). A Manual for the Grief Experience Inventory. Tampa, FL: Loss and Bereavement Resource Center.
Sanders, C. M., Mauger, P. A., & Strong, P. A. (1985). A Manual for the Grief Experience Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Sanfonte-Strumolo, N. & Dunn, A. B. (2000), Consideration of Cultural and Relational Issues in Bereavement: The Case of an Italian American Family. The Family Journal, 8, 334-340.
Schiffman, S. S., Reynolds, M. L., & Young, F. W. (1981). Introduction to Multidimensional Scaling. New York: Academic Press.
Schneider, K., Elhai, J., & Gray, M. (2007). Coping style use predicts posttraumatic stress and complicated grief symptoms severity among college students reporting a traumatic loss. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 344-350.
Shear, M. K. (2010). Complicated grief treatment: The theory, practice and outcomes. Bereavement Care, 29, 10-14.
Shear, M., Simon, N., Wall, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., Duan, N., Reynolds, C., Lebowitz, B., Sung, S., Ghesquiere, A., Gorscak, B., Clayton, P., Masaya, I., Nakajima, S., Konishi, T., Melhem, N., Meert, K., Schiff, M., O’Conner, M.-F., FIrst, M., Sareen, J., Bolton, J., Skritskaya, N., Mancini, A. D., & Keshaviah, A. (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM-5. Depress Anxiety, 28(2), 103-117.
Shear, M. K., & Smith-Caroff, B. S. (2002). Traumatic loss and the syndrome of complicated grief. PTSD Research Quarterly, 13, 1-8.
Sincoff, J. B. (1990). The psychological characteristics of ambivalent people. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 43-68.
Singh, B., & Raphael, B. (1981). Postdisaster morbidity of the bereaved: a possible role for preventive psychiatry? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 169, 203-212.
Steen, K. F. (1998). A comprehensive approach to bereavement. Nurse Practitioner, 23, 54-64.
Stroebe, M. S., Hansson, R. O., Stroebe, W. E., & Schut, H. E. (2001). Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Stroebe, W., & Stroebe, M. S. (1987). Bereavement and health. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Theut, S. K., Pederson, F. A., Zaslow, M. J. U., Cain, R. L., Rabinovich, B. A., & Morihisa, J. M. (1989). Perinatal loss and parental bereavement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(5), 635-639.
Toedter, L. J., Laser, J. N., & Alhadeff, J. M. (1988). The Perinatal Grief Scale: Development and initial validation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 58(3), 435-449.
Trochim, W. M. K. (1993). The concept system computer software manual. Ithaca, NY: Author.
Vargas, L. A., Loya, F., & Hodde-Vargas, J. (1989). Exploring the multidimensional aspects of grief reactions. Am J Psychiatry, 146, 1484-1488.
Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, Cr. (1996). The Impact of Event Scal-Revised. In Wilson, J. P.,& Keane, T. M. (Eds.), Assessing Psychological Truma and PTSD (pp.399-411). New York: Guilford Press.
Worden, J. W. (1982). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Worden, J. W. (1995). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Worden, J. W. (2002). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner (3rd ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
Wortmann, J. H., & Park, C. L. (2008). Religion and spirituality in adjustment following bereavement: An integrative review. Death Studies, 32, 703-736.
Zisook, S., DeVaul, R. A., & Click, M. A. (1982). Measuring symptoms of grief and bereavement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1590-1593.
Zisook, S., & Shuchter, S. R. (1985). Time course of spousal bereavement. General Hospital Psychiatry, 7, 95-100.
Zisook, S., & Shuchter, S. R. (1991). Early psychological reaction to the stress of widowhood. Psychiatry, 54, 320-333.