Korean Journal of Psychology: General
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- P-ISSN1229-067X
- E-ISSN2734-1127
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ISSN : 1229-067X
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Vol.6 No.2
Abstract
It has been recently demonstrated that unilateral electrolytic lesions of the dentate- interpositus nucleus completley prevent and abolish ipsilateral learning of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response(NMR) without affecting the unconditioned response in the rabbit. But the lesion effects of the cerebellar cortex were not consistant. So the present experiment 1 was conducted to replicate the lesion effect of the dentate-interpositus nucleus in abolishing NMR conditioing with radio frequency lesion. Experiment 2 was performed to answer the question of whether the cerebellar cortical input to the nucleus is necessary for NMR conditioning. All animals were trained using standrad procedures for NMR conditioning. The conditioning involves a tone(1kHz, 85dB SPL, 350ms) as the conditioned stimulus with a coterminating periorbital electric shock(2mA, 5Oms) delivered at the right eye as the unconditioned stimulus. In experiment 1, 15 animals were trained one session a day until each of them reached the criteria of 8 consecutive CRs, after which one overtraining session was added. In experiment 2, 24 subjects were given the same training as in experiment 1. Following the overtraining, animals were lesioned on the right side. In experiment 1, RF lesions were made at or near the dentate-interpositus nucleus. In experiment 2, subjects were lesioned at simple lobule or other lobule by aspiration. After recovery, animals received 4 or 5 days of training on the right side to test for retention and recovery of conditioned responding. Then animals received an additional session in which training was switched to the left side. Results of experiment I showed that unilateral RF lesions of the dentate-interpositus nucleus abolished conditioning on the side of the lesion, leaving unconditioned responses to US intact. In experiment 2, unilateral lesions of the cerebellar cortex, simple lobule abolished conditioning on the side of the lesion but larger lesions of other cerebellar lobule did not impair NMR conditioning. These results indicate that critical neueral alteration during NMR conditioning occurs in the simple lobule rater than the dentate-interpositus nucleus.
Abstract
The rum of this study was to examine the effects of hippocampal lesion on the classical second-order conditioning of rabbit's nictitating membrane responses. The present experiment was carried out in a single stage which entailed randomly intermixing CS2-CS1 and CS1-US pairings. The subjects were 16 naive male albino rabbits. Half of the animals were randomly assigned to hippocampal lesioned group, and the other half to sham-operated control group. Results showed that the level of responding to CS2 in the hippocampal group reached a maximum of 15% CRs while the control group yielded a terminal level of approximately 60% CRs. The results suggest that hippocampus is involed in second-order conditioning. These findings were discussed in terms of stimulus map theory of Patterson.
Abstract
This study explored three issues in rlation to Diastolic Blood Pressure(DBP). These were (1) Is it possible for subjects to control DBP by DBP biofeedback training? (2) What extent can instructions demanding the change of BP without feedback influence on DBP control? (3) What relationship does exist between DBP and HR? Normotensive 42 subjects were counterbalanced and allocated into six groups. So each group had 7 subjects. The six groups were (1) Feedback-Increase group, (2) Feedback-Decrease Group, (3) Instructions-Increase Group, (4) Instructions-Decrease Group. (5) Random. (noncontingent) Group and (6) No-feedback (vigilance) Group. All subjects participated in whole procedure consisted of 3 sessions. One session consisted of 20 main trials. We defined one trial as 50 heartbeats. During each session all subjects had adaptation period(10 min.), baseline trials and 20 main trials. And they received visual feedback of BP change per every heartbeat on computer monitor, according to the BP measurement procedure of Shapiro et al. The results showed that (1) In Feedback-Increase Group, both DBP and HR increased simultaneously and in Feedback-Decrease Group, subjects decreased their BP ony 2mmHg. (2) The subjects of the groups with feedback could control DEP better than those received only instructions. (3) There was the tendency of integration of subjects' DBP with HR. These results suggest that it is not easy for the normotensive to decrease their DBP .and that the DBP biofeedback training would be helpful to the treatment of postural (orthostatic) hypotension, effectively.
Abstract
Hemispheric functional localization in the processing of Hangul words was assessed using recognition and category judgement tasks. Stimulus words were briefly presented in the right or left visual field to make the stimulus information processed in the left or right hemisphere, respectively. In addition to the visual field, stimulus association value, similarity of visual feature, and category of words were used as independent variables in order to see how the hemispheric functional localization, if any, asymmetrically varies on them. Reaction times for the recognition task and category judgement task were measured as dependent variables. Results of the recognition task show that the effect of visual field is nut significant implying that hemispheric dominance may not appear in the process of recognizing Hangul words. In order to further investigate whether the unexpected absence of left hemisphere dominance, i.e. in order to see whether the subjects strategically matched only the visual features of stimuli, similarity between the target and recognition stimuli in terms of visual features were manipulated. There was a weak trend that higher similarity results in mort left hemipheric dominance, although such trend is not statistically significant. On the contrary, in the category judgement task the reaction time when the stimulus was projected into the left hemisphere was shorter than when it was projected into the right hemisphere. This result implies that the left hemisphere may take an Important role when a Hangul word requires semantic processing. In conclusion, results of this study suggest that both hemispheres may contribute to the early processing of Hangul words and hemispheric functional dominance may depend on the required level of word processing.
Abstract
The present study explored three issues: a) the EMG biofeedback effect on muscle tension headache subjects when the intermediated effect-therapist's demand effect, relaxation effect-are withdrawn. b) frontalis muscle EMG activity's specificity on EMG biofeedback therapy effect. c) the relationship between trait·anxiety factor and biofeedback treatment on tension headache. To treat these problems, four groups were employed. Three of these groups received biofeedback treatment The first of these biofeedback groups received EMG biofeedback designed to teach subjects to decrease frontalismuscle tension. But the second group received to increase and the third group to no change. The fourth were not treated any way. Only, they record their headache diary and respond to trait-anxiety test The results suggested that the learned reduction of frontalis EMG activity was very effective in the biofeedback treatment of tension headache. But increase and no change were ineffective. The relationship between EMG activity and headache was not manifest, the correlation coefficients changed from .67 to -.17.
Abstract
Testing a causal model, based on empirical data, through covanance structure modeling, often leads to the observation that any particular hypothesized model may have equivalent models. Model equivalence occurs when two or more covariance structure models generate identical covariance matrices. These covariance matrices, commonly referred to as model estimates of covariance matrices or reproduced covariance matrices, must be distinguished from empirically observed or sample covariance data. When two or more models are equivalent, the result is that they are equally fit to any observed data and thus are not distinguishable by data analysis. In proposing a model which supports the hypotheses of interest, an investigator is obliged to rule out the equivalent models by substantive interpretation.
Abstract
A priming technique was used to explore the early processing of the identity information and category information. Subjects were required to judge the identity or the category of the target. To examine whether the identity information and the category information are processed in iconic memory, a matrix consisting of multiple sets of nontarget-priming stimulus pairs was presented and a target stimulus appeared in the middle of a randomly selected priming-stimuli pair from the matrix with a variable time delay. Experimentally varied were the types of the priming stimuli(physically identical, response compatible. response irrelevant, response incompatible with the target) and the delay between the priming stimuli and the target presentation. The types of priming stimuli did not affect the speed of classification judgement on the target when a set of multiple priming stimuli were presented simultaneously. Based on these obervations, it was concluded that the identity information and the category information are processed not in iconic memory but in short-tem memory.